Желчь - это секрет печеночных клеток гепатоцитов.It accumulates in the small bile ducts, and then enters the common duct and through it into the gallbladder and 12-colon. Functions of bile for the body are of great importance. One of its main functions is to participate in digestion processes.
Желчный пузырь является накопительным резервуаром for bile. In the period of the active phase of digestion, when partially digested food enters the stomach into the duodenum, its maximum amount is also released. The main functions of human bile are to participate in digestion and to stimulate the secretory activity and motility of the small intestine, which also ensures the processing of the food lump.
Bile, which is secreted from the gallbladder into the digestive tract, is called mature, and the liver itself secretes directly from the gallbladder.
The process of secretion of hepatocytes (choleresis)going on continuously. They filter a number of substances from the blood into the bile capillaries. Further, due to the reabsorption of water and mineral salts, the final formation of the composition of this secretory fluid takes place. This process is carried out in the bile ducts and gall bladder. Part of the bile immediately enters the intestine, it is called hepatic, or young. But its bulk accumulates in the gall bladder, where it moves along the bile ducts. Cystic bile accumulates, becomes thick and concentrated. It is darker than the liver.
Per day liver cells in an adultproduce about two liters of a secret. On an empty stomach, it practically does not enter the intestines. After eating, biliary excretion (cholekinesis) in the duodenum occurs. There, bile performs the function of digestive, as well as bacteriostatic and regulatory. That is, it is itself a regulator of the process of bile formation and biliary excretion.
Thus, the more bile acidsallocated to the portal blood flow (portal vein), the higher their concentration in the bile composition and, accordingly, less synthesized by hepatocytes. The functions of bile and pancreatic juice are major in digestion.
The main component of bile is bile.acid. Most (67%) is cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. The remaining acids are secondary, i.e., derivatives of these two acids: deoxycholic, allocholic, lithocholeic, and ursodeoxycholic.
All bile acids are in this secret in the form of compounds with taurine and glycine. The high content of sodium and potassium ions makes the bile alkaline.
In addition, the composition of bile includes some organic substances:
As well as ions of some metals (zinc, copper, lead, magnesium, indium, mercury), vitamins A, B, C.
All of these components are part of the liver and gallbladder bile, but in the first their concentration is about 5 times lower than in the second.
They are mainly associated with the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Functions of bile in digestion are associated with a number of enzymatic reactions.
Thus, the function of bile in digestion is impossible to overestimate. It is thanks to bile that the digestive process started in the stomach continues and safely ends in the intestine.
So, we found out that the main functions of bileassociated with the digestive process. What happens if for some reason the composition of bile changes or it does not enter the digestive tract? Shortage or lack of it leads to serious pathologies:
This pathology may occur due tounbalanced composition of bile. This bile is called lithogenic. It can acquire such properties with regular errors in the diet, namely if animal fats are predominant in food. The function of liver bile can be impaired as a result of endocrine diseases. In addition, the lithogenic properties of this hepatic secretion may acquire as a result of lipid metabolism disorders, which, as a rule, are accompanied by an increase in the patient’s body weight. The cause of changes in the composition of bile can also be infectious and toxic liver damage or an insufficiently active lifestyle (physical inactivity).
As stated above, bile functions are associated withemulsification of fats. If for some reason bile stops flowing into the small intestine, fat absorption does not occur, and they begin to stand out with feces. The same can occur with a lack of bile acids in this hepatic secretion (changes in its composition). At the same time, feces acquire a white or gray color and a fat consistency. This pathology is called steatorrhea. With this disease, the body lacks vital fats, fatty acids and some vitamins. As a result of steatorrhea, the lower intestine is affected, since they are not adapted to this chyme.
In order to investigate the composition and function of bile, apply the method of fractional multi-stage duodenal intubation. This procedure consists of five steps:
Таким образом, получают 3 порции желчи.They all differ in composition. The most concentrated gallbladder is portion B. It contains the greatest amount of fatty acids, bilirubin and other bile components.
This research method allows to determine the physical properties of bile, its composition, the volume of the gallbladder, the condition of the biliary tract and to identify the localization of the pathological process.
