/ / Disruption of movement coordination: main types and types of ataxia

Impaired coordination: the main types and types of ataxia

Ataxia is a violation of movement coordination,which is one of the most common disorders of motility. Neuromuscular, genetically determined disease. Fully preserved strength in the limbs, however, the movements themselves with this disease become inaccurate, awkward, their consistency and continuity, balance when walking and standing are disturbed.

Movement coordination disorders are distinguished: static (imbalance only when standing) and dynamic (discoordination in any movements).

The violation of motor coordination in medicine is divided into types:

1. Sensitive or zadinolibovy type of ataxia. Occurs with the defeat of:

- peripheral nerves;

- thalamus;

- spinal nerves;

- posterior columns of the spinal cord.

Sensitive ataxia is inherentlya kind of incoordination of movement and gait. Characteristic of this type of ataxia is the lack of a feeling of support. Patients do not feel their movements and do not feel the foot of hard surfaces. This happens because of a violation of muscle and joint sensitivity.

2. Cerebellar type of ataxia. Occurs in connection with the defeat of some cerebellar systems. Cerebellar type of impaired coordination of movement is divided into two forms:

- динамическая атаксия – поражение полушарий cerebellum (the function of performing various voluntary movements of the upper and lower extremities is upset). Dynamic coordinator disorder is manifested by hypermetry (disproportion, excessive motions); plowing, intentional tremor (trembling of the limbs at the end of targeted movement); speech disorder (discordination of the speech motor apparatus).

- static-locomotor ataxia - predominantdefeat of the cerebellar vermis directly (gait and resistance are mainly violated). Patients walk, staggering, and with each step they spread their legs very wide. In severe cases, some patients fall forward in a standing position (with the lesion of the anterior part of the cerebellum), or backward (with a lesion of the posterior part of the cerebellum), practically do not hold their heads.

Cerebellar ataxia is most often observed with intoxications, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, cerebellar diseases of a vascular nature, as well as with tumors.

3. Vestibular type of ataxia.It is caused by disturbances in the work of the vestibular apparatus and manifests itself in the form of discoordination of movements. It is characterized by systematic dizziness, accompanied by vomiting and nausea. When you change the position of the body, as well as with a sharp movement of the head, the characteristic symptoms only increase.

4. Cortical type of ataxia.The lack of coordination of movement in this case is due to disorders of the functions of the anterior cortex of the frontal lobes. From these departments, conductive paths pass directly to the cells of the cerebellar cortex, and as a result of their defeat, gait disturbance occurs. Patients have a shaky, uncertainty gait. At the moment of walking, the body is deflected back, the feet are placed on one straight line, sometimes “walking” of the legs is noted when walking. With the defeat of these departments, astasia (inability to stand) and abasia (inability to walk) are possible, all with the intact abilities to make movements.

Another noted ataxia due tohereditary diseases. Movement coordination disorder is the main clinical symptom in such diseases as: Friedreich's family ataxia, Pierre Marie hereditary cerebellar ataxia, Louis-Bar syndrome and oliviopontocerebellar degeneration.

The treatment of ataxia is most often based solely on the treatment of the initial, underlying disease. Therapeutic gymnastics and massage are widespread today.

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