The concept of organization of waste-free productiongoes to a new level of practical implementation. Modern technologies make it possible to optimize the processes of manufacturing products with the expectation of ensuring a complete production cycle. That is, the generated municipal solid waste (MSW) is not disposed of, but sent to a new production cycle. However, this concept is in most cases implemented only partially. The waste either does not find use in the plant that produces it, or it cannot be sorted accordingly. To solve the second problem, at many industrial enterprises the waste sorting complex is integrated, with the help of which it is possible to obtain ready-cleaned masses of paper, glass, metal or plastics.
Household solid waste is not onlyproduct of the ordinary consumer of goods. Such garbage is left in the process of work and manufacturing enterprises, and trading networks with commercial organizations. At the factory, the waste sorting complex can be equipped without creating a transport organization for the transport of waste. In other cases, the companies draw up a special contract, according to which, another processing company will carry out sorting operations.
Before sending the accumulated waste enterpriseperforms weighing and batching. Then the load moves directly to the sorting complex. Then there are several stages, as you progress through the selection of recyclable materials suitable for production purposes. The very sorting of MSW is implemented in several stages, each of which is performed using special equipment.
The acceptance of the batch with waste is carried out usingspecial bins that can directly transfer mass to the sorting line. At the same time, feed schemes that are directly carried out by garbage trucks are also common. As a rule, the basis of such complexes are industrial concreted sites, located under the overhang of a waste collection station. Large household waste is selected and reloaded with special equipment. For this purpose, bulldozers and excavators with appropriate attachments are used.
Already at the stage of selection of individual with valueitems begins the sorting process. As a rule, the remaining mass is sent to the reversed conveyor, after which it is fed into an open container like a multilift. Depending on the operation scheme of a particular plant, recycling may be carried out at facilities adjacent to the sorting complex. It turns out non-stop process of selection and processing, which saves a considerable part of the cost of transporting garbage.
In most cases, sorting is done withmasses, in which elements of uniform size are presented. To perform the sorting of such waste, the work of conveyors served by operators is organized. Selecting suitable fractions, workers dump them in the corresponding bunker. Typically, the conveyor has several hatches designed to dump a particular type of garbage - for example, for plastics, waste paper, metal, glass, etc. From the point of view of technical organization, this sorting of MSW is the simplest, since the main focus is on manual labor. Automation only provides the movement of the tape, which before it receives a lot of waste. In this case, there are one- and two-way lines, that is, the selection can be carried out on one or both sides.
The pressing equipment is not directly related tobasic sorting function. Such machines usually work with recycled materials that can be used for further production purposes. There are also waste-processing complexes, where there is no press. Most often these are mini-plants, where immediately after sorting they send the received elements to industrial processing. The press itself is a hydraulic machine, which, by applying pressure, provides compression of the incoming mass.
Pressing as such is needed to formcompact for transportation and logistic handling bales. At the same time, it is desirable that the mass with waste that comes to the pressing machines has exactly the same characteristics. In this case, further processing of recycled materials on the machines of thermal or mechanical impact will be facilitated.
Tanks designed to collectsorted waste, there are two types. These are bunkers working with pressed mass and receiving tanks that are directly connected to the dumping hatches of selected materials. Accordingly, such bunkers differ in bundles with further technological processes. Thus, the drive of finished bales can interact with the production line for recycling, freight transport or receiver for permanent storage. This bundle is determined by the tasks that a particular waste sorting plant and its equipment solves. Some enterprises cooperate with landfills for the storage of hazardous waste, while others, at their own facilities, process recycled materials.
At the stage of forming briquettes ready fortransport or storage, use special means to ensure the compactness and reliability of the blocks. The most complex processes involve the use of liquid formulations that increase the adhesion between the pressed waste. Before or during the pressure pressing platform, plasticizers and viscous substances are added directly into the niche with the material. In addition, the waste sorting complex can be equipped with knitting lines, on which the winding is performed with polyester film or strep tape. This measure is also aimed at preventing the delamination and scattering of briquettes with compressed waste.
Технологическое развитие современных комплексов MSW sorting focuses on improving the quality of selection. In particular, the range of materials that are not recycled and are not sent to landfills for disposal, but are used as recyclables, is constantly expanding. These include rubber products, some types of artificial fabrics, polymers with unlabelled plastics, etc. The technical performance of the mini-factories is also being improved. For example, a mobile waste sorting complex allows to combine the functions of transportation and processing, which speeds up and makes logistics processes cheaper. As before, waste management organizations pay special attention to environmental issues. So, on some complexes it becomes possible to dispose of hazardous wastes that cannot be disposed of even at special landfills.
High-tech and productive complexmay cost about 2-3 million rubles. Integrated mini-plants for small enterprises are estimated at 1.5-2 million. But a lot depends on the composition of a particular line and additional equipment. For example, one pressing machine can cost 350-400 thousand. However, many enterprises do without it. But in any case, the organization of its own complex of individual components will be cheaper. This sorting of waste will be more efficient and productive, but it will be necessary to prepare for additional items of expenditure for the design of the line and installation work. Small ready-made complexes are just that they require minimum effort during the installation process, they take up less space and are less demanding to maintain.
First of all, the amount produced is estimatedwaste that will flow to the sorting line. Depending on this indicator is determined by the capacity of the equipment. In this case, a reserve of 20% must be left. Also in advance is calculated the number of fractions, which will be sorted household waste on the conveyor. The number of hatches and end reception bunkers directly depends on this number - and, again, it will not be superfluous to provide several additional sections. Should take into account the degree of automation of functional processes. Although most of the complexes provide for participation in the work of operators, manufacturers of such equipment are actively implementing automated control systems at certain stages - respectively, they also increase the cost of mini-plants of this type.
Sample suitable for further usefractions has become much more complicated in recent years. If earlier the tasks of sorting were reduced to splitting the waste into 2-3 groups, depending on the hazard level or the value of materials for further processing, then modern enterprises set targets for point classification. Suffice it to say that the sorting of waste on a high-tech line makes it possible to form groups according to the directions for the further use of secondary raw materials in factories and plants from different fields. So, waste paper is sent to the furniture industry, metal briquettes are fed to machine-tool plants, and polymeric waste today is in demand even in its pure form on construction sites. At the same time, the designs of the complexes, which directly provide sorting functions at enterprises, are being improved.
