Solid household waste is goods and objects.consumption (including their fragments), which have lost their original properties and were thrown out by their owner. Along with solid industrial waste, they pose a great threat to the environment and are recyclable.
Household trash not only worsens environmentalsituation, but also a source of additional costs associated with its collection and disposal. As cities grow, these costs increase. To solve problems with MSW in the world, various technologies for their processing have been developed. The most environmentally friendly and technologically advanced solution is the separation of solid household waste and their subsequent use as secondary raw materials.
Accumulation of solid household waste - dangerousproblem. Contamination of territories with various types of garbage is common almost everywhere. A huge amount of it is scattered over the earth's surface in the form of fragments or clusters (dumps). Waste falls into the waters of the oceans.
A significant proportion of MSW are products of petroleum andgas chemistry. They are persistent polymeric compounds with a long half-life. The most environmentally harmful of them is polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is associated with a high chlorine content in its composition. Compared with polymers, construction debris poses a significantly lower threat to the environment.
The impact of solid waste on the biosphere is diverse, large-scale and in almost all cases negative. The options for the impact of MSW on the environment are as follows:
In addition to the products of decomposition and combustion of polymersvarious household chemicals, heavy metals, slate asbestos, hydrocarbons and many other substances also contribute to the overall pollution. The consequences can be terrible:
Unified system for the division into classes of solidhousehold waste does not exist. Initially, MSW is a single total mass. However, municipal solid waste is a very different component in terms of chemical composition and physical properties. The most common among MSW are: metal, plastic, glass, wood, paper and cardboard. In many countries, waste classification underlies the separate disposal and recycling. In Russia, they are still thrown away by one mass and then stored at landfills.
Disposal of MSW involves the use of various methods. The currently most common methods for disposing of solid household waste are:
Removal to the landfill of solid household waste is the traditional and most environmentally harmful way to "get rid" of solid waste. In our country, he still occupies a leading position.
In order to reduce the volume, which occupywaste at landfills, they are often set on fire, which leads to the spread of hazardous substances over large areas and deterioration of air quality. Products released during the burning of landfills have a strongly pronounced unpleasant odor and are harmful to health. The size of landfills in our country is constantly increasing.
At the moment there are several methods of disposal. The main methods that help recycle solid household waste are:
It is advisable to carry out briquetting afterextracting more valuable components. The remaining garbage is mechanically compacted and packaged. Formed briquettes are more convenient in storage, transportation and disposal.
Composting is a biological method.recycling, in which the disposal of solid waste is carried out by creating the so-called compost heaps. Depending on the level of development of the technology, the period of compost formation varies from 2-10 weeks to 1-3 years.
Наиболее сохранившиеся предметы извлекают, are in good condition and reused. This practice is valid in some Russian cities. Glass, iron, aluminum and other metals are melted down and can be reused. Recycled can be a significant portion of waste paper.
Переработка пластмассы из бытового мусора в Russia is not conducted because it is considered unprofitable. Moreover, in our country there are large oil and gas fields, which provide better quality raw materials.
Incineration of solid waste eliminates large volumes of garbage, but it also has serious drawbacks. When burning plastics, harmful substances get into the air, the most toxic of which is dioxin.
For this reason, in developed countries nowGradually abandon this method of waste disposal. An additional source of pollution in the centralized incineration of MSW is emissions of soot, ash, and the formation of non-cavity burned fragments, which can be one third of the initial volume of household waste. All of them have a higher class of danger than the initial MSW, and therefore require more stringent conditions for storage and disposal.
That burning garbage brings as much as possiblebenefits, in Western countries, attempts are being made to use it as a source for generating electricity and heat. This reduces the need for fossil species. An example of such a successful cooperation is an incinerator in Vienna. They use modern technology, thanks to which the combustion process becomes safer.
В России удаление ТБО с территорий городов regulated by Article 13 of the law on "production and consumption waste". Standard metal containers (garbage can) are used to collect household garbage. This practice has operated since the Soviet times.
Usually a trash can is placed in space.between residential buildings. At present, attempts are being made to organize separate collection of waste, which is provided for in accordance with Article 13 of the above law. The separation is made in the following categories: plastic packaging, textiles, paper, glass, metal, organic plant waste. However, at the moment, such a separation of garbage has not received a mass introduction into domestic practice.
For transportation of MSW use special machines - garbage trucks. They differ in the following ways:
The purpose of transportation is to export solid household waste to landfills. In large cities, garbage collection is complicated by the large distance that the machine must regularly travel.
In our country, the collection of solid wasteis the most costly stage of their disposal. The long distances that a garbage truck must travel in a large city, and the huge amount of garbage generated, makes it necessary to take measures for rational planning of the collection system. For the same reason, it is necessary to raise the tariff for garbage collection for legal entities. A large amount of additional waste associated with the work of commercial outlets, and funds for the removal of such garbage is often not enough.
One possible solution is to createStations for intermediate storage of MSW, from where bulky waste can be transported to the disposal site using various means of transport, including trains.
When sorting waste from the total mass, certain fractions are isolated that can be sent for recycling. To do this, use the following methods:
Despite the continuous improvement of disposal methods, the amount of waste increases every year by 3%.
