Unlike most of the world's languages, Arabicletters are written "visoyu", connecting in a word with each other. It does not matter whether the text is written by hand or printed. Another feature, which is not immediately used by beginners to learn Arabic, is writing the text from right to left. Let's understand the peculiarities of writing and transcription of the letters of the Arabic language.
Only the Koran, and also the scientific, children's and educationalLiterature is written using vowels, in other cases words are recorded without vowels. That is why when writing a transcription the Arabic text is not transliterated, but is written as it should be pronounced. Before you start writing transcription, words and sentences are entered in the vowel.
When writing texts with a vowel, the most commonly used are damme, fatha and käsra (vowel signs), shadda (doubling sign), and tannin (which is extremely rare and is a sign of nunation).
Sometimes it is possible to see in the text a suturer (a sign of the absence of a vowel) and a vaslu (a sign of the absence of a guttural bow), as well as a hamzu (separates two vowels of sound from each other).
The presence of unique sounds (pharyngeal,emphatic, interdental), which are absent in most European languages, significantly complicate the task for a person who is trying to translate Arabic letters into transcription. After all, this sound can be transmitted only approximately.
To date, there are two typestranscription. Scientific - with the most accurate pronunciation, and practical, allowing approximately to reflect how Arabic letters are pronounced. Translation, or rather, transliteration is carried out using symbols of the Russian or Latin alphabet. The most famous transcriptions, both practical and scientific, were developed by the Arabists Krachkovsky and Yushmanov.
From the Phoenicians came to the Arabs alphabet.It includes not only all of their letters, but also graphic images of language-specific sounds. These are such Arabic letters as "sa" (similar to the soft interdental English th), "ha" (exhalation sound similar to the one that the dog emits when breathing), "hall" (the sonorous sound that happens if you put the tip of the tongue between teeth and say "sa"), "dad" (it turns out if you pronounce the sound "d" and at the same time take the tongue back and slightly lower the jaw), "for" (an emphatic sound similar to "z", but pronounced with the back of the tongue and easy lowering of the lower jaw), "gyne" (similar in sound to the French "r").
It should be mentioned that all the letters of the Arabicalphabets are consonants. For the designation of vowels, special superscripts or subscript-vowels are used, which denote the sounds "and", "y" and "a".
But if you listen to the speech of the person who speaksin Arabic, then other vowels are heard. This is due to different variations of pronunciation within the consonant sounds. Depending on the consonant, the sign-vowel may sound like "e" (in most cases), but in syllables-diphthongs and with solid consonants it acquires an "o" -like sound. With the sign "Sukun" it is already pronounced with a pronounced "e" sound.
The sign-vowel "and" can be transformed into "s" withbut the vowel "y" rarely changes its sound to another in classical Arabic, but in some dialects one encounters a transition to the "o" sound.
How many letters are in the Arabic alphabet?There are 28 of them and all of them are consonants (the exception is the first letter of the alphabet - "alif"). One letter is always comparable to one sound. For example, the letter "ba" (the second in the alphabet) is pronounced as a solid sound "b" in the word "ram", but at the end of the word it is never deafened (in the Russian oak it is pronounced "dope", in Arabic it will not).
Arabic letters are quite difficult to write,especially for beginners. By the way, "ligature" is used not only by Arabs, but also by some Turkic peoples, as well as by people who speak Pashto or Urdu. Writing is strictly from right to left.
The process of writing looks like this:
The spelling of each letter depends on itslocation in the word. Arabic letters often have four types of inscription (separately standing, at the beginning or end of the word, middle). The exception concerns only 6 letters: "alif", which is always written separately, and also "distance", "hall", "ra", "zayn" and "wav", which do not combine with the symbol following them.
Very often many people who are beginning to learnArabic, read the words in transliteration. And this is the main mistake. To correctly pronounce Arabic words, you need to start with the study of the alphabet and the correct pronunciation of each letter. Only by digesting the alphabet, you can proceed to the pronunciation of words and the construction of phrases.
