After reading this article, you will get to knowconcept as orientation. What such a concept implies, what are its ways and types, the history of orienteering - all of this we will touch on in our story. First of all, it is necessary to determine the key term. Tell you about this concept, as orientation. Each of us knows that such a concept exists. And many can even explain it: it is the ability to correctly determine the direction of the world, as well as imagine the location of settlements and the direction of roads to where you are. You can always find a way, if you know about the location of the four sides of the world. These are south (S), north (N), west (W) and east (E). Now let's talk more about the concept of orientation.
Это очень широкое понятие.You can navigate by compass, map, sun, stars, clocks, natural phenomena and signs, as well as various tips. For example, if you look out the window in the morning and see that people are walking with umbrellas, you will understand that it is raining outside. If you notice snow, you will dress warmer. This, if I may say so, "household" orientation.
What is orientation, what is it necessary for?It is one of the most important conditions for human livelihoods, as well as necessary for the successful solution of the tasks. Using a compass or a map is easy. However, it is sometimes necessary to act without having a compass or a map with you. Therefore, you should know other ways of orientation on the ground.
When preparing for a hike, you need to pay special attention to the development of appropriate skills, methods, rules and techniques that will help you do without using a compass and a map.
You may know that the places of its rising andcall vary depending on the time of year. The sun rises in the south-east in winter and sets in the south-west. In summer, it rises in the northeast, and enters in the northwest. In autumn and spring the sun rises in the east, and sets in the west. It must be remembered that at noon it is always located towards the south, regardless of the season. At 13 o'clock the shortest shadow of objects is observed. At this time, its direction from objects located vertically, points to the north. If the sun hides the clouds, you can put a knife on the finger nail. A shadow will appear, at least a small one, and it will be clear where it is located.
It should send an hour hand to the sun.The angle that forms between the number 1 (13 hours) and the direction of the hour hand must be divided in half using an imaginary line. It will show you the direction: from the rear - north, in front - south. It must be remembered that the left corner should be divided up to 13 hours and the right - in the afternoon.
Methods of orientation on the ground are numerous.One of the most famous is the Polar Star. This star is always in the north. In order to find it, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major. This constellation resembles a bucket, which is formed from 7 stars, quite bright. Then after 2 extreme right stars should mentally draw a line. It is necessary to postpone the distance between them, multiplied by five. At the end of the line we will find the Polaris. It is located at the tail of the Little Bear, another constellation. If you face this star, we will be facing north.
In order to focus well onterrain, it must be remembered that the moon in the first quarter at 20 o'clock is seen in the south, in the west it is at 2 am. If we are talking about the last quarter, then in the east the moon will be at 2 am, and in the south at 8 am. The sides of the horizon at night with a full moon are determined in the same way as by the sun and the clock. In this case, the Moon is used instead of the Sun. It must be remembered that when it is complete, it is opposed to the sun. In other words, located against it.
We continue to talk about whatorientation in geography. We have described far from all his ways. This article talks only about the main ones. One of the most common ways is the orientation of melting snow. The southern side of all objects, as is known, heats up more strongly than the northern one. This means that snow melting from this side is also faster. This is clearly noticeable in early spring, as well as in winter, during thaws, on snow adhered to stones, holes near trees, and the slopes of ravines.
At noon, the shadow is as short as possible, anddirection points north. In order not to wait for its appearance, you can act as follows. In the ground, you need to stick a stick, the length of which is about 1 m. Next, you need to mark the end of its shadow. Then you should wait about 10-15 minutes, and then repeat the procedure. From the first to the second position of the shadow, you need to draw a line, and then extend it beyond the second mark by about a step. With the toe of your left foot, stand opposite the 1st mark, and place the toe of the right foot at the end of the line you have drawn. You are now facing north.
A certain type of buildings is strictly orientedthe world. These include churches, synagogues, mosques. The chapels and altars of Lutheran and peasant churches are always turned to the east, and the belltowers of these buildings - to the west. You can navigate along the dome of the Orthodox Church, or rather, along the cross on it. The edge of its lower crossbar, which is lowered, faces south, and to the north is elevated. On the west side are the altars of Catholic churches. The doors of Muslim mosques and synagogues are facing approximately north.
Usually, the exit from the yurt is made to the south.In villages, houses with more windows are made on the south side. Another important sign - on the south side, the paint on the walls of buildings fades more and gets a withered color.
Identify the cardinal directions in cultural arraysforests can be along the clearing. They are usually cut along the east-west and north-south lines. You can navigate and on the inscriptions of numbers of quarters, which are made on poles, placed at the intersection of the glades. At the top of each such pillar and on each of the 4 faces are put numbers. The direction to the north shows the edge between the two faces, on which the smallest figures are indicated.
If you lost or broke the clock, local timecan learn with relative accuracy using a compass. For this purpose, the orientation in azimuth is applied. What it is? It is necessary to measure the azimuth of the sun. After you determine it, you need to divide the resulting value by 15. This is the amount by which the Sun turns in an hour. The number that will end up will indicate the time. For example, the azimuth of the sun is 180 °. Therefore, the time is 12 hours.
You probably know the phrase "sportsOrienteering ". What is it? This sport is based on the fact that participants must pass KP (Check points) located on the terrain using a compass and a sports card. As a rule, results are determined by the time spent on the distance (sometimes penalty time is taken into account The method of calculating the number of points scored by participants can also be used.
Today competitions in this sportheld in different groups. They can be both in terms of skill and age. The length of the distance and its complexity are determined by the complexity of the terrain and age group. The route (distance) at the same time should be unknown to all participants, and also contain certain difficulties that must be overcome with good physical shape and ability to navigate.
Since ancient times, people knew whatorienteering It is known that even then they used the skills and abilities associated with it. However, a review of historical facts usually begins with military competitions that were held in the northern states of Europe. It is believed that orienteering as a sport appeared at the end of the 19th century. It was then that the first competitions were organized between a number of military garrisons in Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. October 31, 1897 the first mass competitions among citizens were held. So, a lot of people learned what orientation is, the definition of which in our time can be given by every schoolchild. However, the real birth of this sport took place in 1918. It was then that Major E. Killander from Stockholm decided to use the environment in the countryside of Sweden to organize a new sport. During the competitions invented by him, the runners not only ran, but also had to choose their own routes using a compass and a map.
Orientation as a sport by 1934spread in Switzerland, Hungary and the USSR. National championships for women and men began to be held annually in Sweden, Finland and Norway by the beginning of the Second World War. In 1960, the Open International Competitions took place in the Stockholm area. Representatives from 7 countries participated. Today this sport is very popular. There are several types of it: orienteering, skiing, cycling, trail orienteering, etc. For each of them competitions are held.
Now you can talk about whatorientation. And tourism, and sport, and survival in extreme conditions combines this concept. Orientation allows you to find the way, being anywhere in our planet in unfamiliar terrain. Knowing its basics, you will not be afraid of getting lost in the woods or in any other place.