Sometimes scientific or other specificconcepts are used in areas not related to the original. This happened with the geodetic term “reference point”. According to the definition, a geodetic frame is a mark or sign attached to a specific point on the earth's surface. The coordinates and altitude of this place are calculated by leveling relative to a known and generally accepted value.
A foot stock is rake with tick marks to determinewater level in a river or other water body. Sometimes stationary mounted feet, as supporting points and reference points in geodesy, are used by scientists to observe changes in the level of water in the seas and the movements of the layers of the earth’s surface vertically.
Изначально изменение высоты уровня вод Финского The bay was marked by horizontal notches on the walls of canals and pools, on the surfaces of locks. When in 1777 a special service was organized in Kronstadt, water observations were made according to marks from the bottom of the Obvodny Channel.
Perennial (since 1731) and regular notes,observations of fluctuations in the water levels of the Gulf of Finland were processed by the hydrograph MF Reineke in 1840. Based on the average readings calculated by him, a horizontal line was carved on the stone support of one of the bridges across the Obvodnaya Canal. After several decades at this level, a metal plate was fixed with a horizontal mark, which practically coincided with a zero reading of the rod.
To the mainland this levelThe indicator was transferred using the leveling along the St. Petersburg-Oranienbaum railway line and was tied with a bolt mark to one of the buildings at the Baltic Station. Since 1892, this bolt has been the main reference point for all leveling measurements in the country.
In 1946on the territory of the Soviet Union a unified system of coordinates and heights was introduced. The initial level was the level of the Baltic Sea with a mark corresponding to zero on the Kronstadt footstock. This is the control reference point of the state leveling system. From the mark of absolute zero, heights and depths are calculated for all domestic maps and locations, the orbits for spacecraft flights are determined.
On the ground, the reference point is indicated by a pyramid-shaped structure made of stones, planks or metal tubes. Depending on the destination, there are several types of benchmarks:
The system of interconnected fundamental and ordinary fixed points and forms the GHS - the state geodetic network.
On the maps the reference point is marked with special icons. They are distinguished as follows:
All these points are marked on a real surface.Earth metal pyramids or ordinary rappers. Geodetic centers indicating the location of the point are mapped to the coordinates, that is, as accurately as possible, with indications of elevations.
What is the reference point?The elevations included in the general geodetic network, mounds, hills, or separate buildings with spiers, towers, or bell towers are conventionally adopted combined icons. Points GGS in maps with a large scale are absolutely everything. Astronomical points, which are landmarks, are designated only in cases when they are the starting points in a given area.
Geodetic points can be made in the formmetal or wooden pyramids, stone or reinforced concrete pillars. The height of each structure depends on the place of attachment. Any bench mark serves as a stand or support for a measuring instrument and observer.
Подземную часть такой конструкции выполняют в as a foundation monolith filled with concrete. The point itself, which is the center of the point, is embedded in a cast metal tag. The inscription on the latter indicates the number and type of this item. The name of the organization that performed the work and the year of installation are cast together with the mark (usually of cast iron).
The reference points in construction are a guarantee of timely detection of the mobility or instability of a large object, such as a hydroelectric dam or a high-rise building.
Thanks to the interconnected systemThe designated points form the state geodetic network. Special catalogs contain lists with the specified coordinates of all such points. This information is used by topographers to study the surface of the planet, in engineering and geodetic surveys, for various needs of the country's economy.
Lists with the values of the coordinates are broughtto the army officers together with topographic maps. The artillerymen also know very well that the reference point is a label denoting a certain height, a kind of support for zeroing on the ground.
The reference points on the Celsius temperature scale are considered to be the values of boiling and freezing of water at sea level.
In business, this concept is used to describe a state of affairs where certain actions can lead either to total failure or to success.
Since the reference point is a certain indicator of reference, a “clue”, this concept can be applied in many spheres of human activity.
Exploring the causes of frequent stress in peoplepermanently living in megacities, scientists have found that the cause is unnatural visual environment. The distribution of right angles and lines, buildings of uniform color, a large number of static objects adversely affect the emotional state of a person. The psychophysiological trend in science, called visual ecology, asserts that the lack of distinctive features of architectural decorative elements overloads the optic nerve.
The eye must highlight, fix somepoint, detail, element in the visual space, so that the brain perceives the environment as comfortable, close to natural and harmonious. Only then does a person get a sense of aesthetic and emotional satisfaction.
The fiducial points in business are kindairbags. They can be used to increase the competitive ability of the enterprise. If we take as a basis some marketing techniques or a state of affairs in the current period, we can identify complex measures that need to be taken to change the situation for the better.
