Types of temperament: a brief description, features

Man was the object of study since immemorialtimes. It should be noted that the first attempt to create a typology of personality was the identification of four basic types of temperament. And the hand to this has been added by such ancient scientists and philosophers as Galena and Hippocrates. What are the types of temperament, a brief description of them and all that a person needs to know about it, will be discussed further in the text.

Terminology, definition of concepts

Initially, it is necessary to find out what is actually going onspeech. It is important to clarify that such terms as "character", "types of temperament" should not be confused. They have completely different meanings. Temperament can not characterize the content of the personality (beliefs, views, worldview), it is a certain dynamic side.

So, what is temperament?This is the totality of those features of a person that characterize his emotional side, i.е. behavior and mental activity. If we approach the question from the physiological point of view, the temperament is conditioned by a special type of higher nervous activity (GNI).

Before considering different types of temperament, it should be noted that this concept does not include:

1. Character.
2. Abilities.

Temperament is the basis for the development of the character of a person, it exerts a different influence on the modes of communication and the behavior of the individual.

What exactly depends on the temperament of a person

It should also be noted that there are a number of indicators that directly depend on a certain type of human temperament. Consider them.

• Intensity of mental processes (emotionality, volitional characteristics).
• The speed of the occurrence of various mental processes (the rate of perception, thinking, the time of concentration on one activity).
• Control activities, its evaluation.
• Orientation of activity (extrovert, introvert).
• Disciplinary and behavioral effects.

Types of temperament: a brief description

In modern science, there are four mainTemperament type: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. And they all differ significantly from each other. The types of temperament can be briefly described by the special reaction of a person to an obstacle that has accidentally appeared on his way.

So, choleric this barrier very quickly and withoutbraking will sweep from your path. Sanguine thinks how this obstacle is best avoided. Phlegmatic various barriers often do not notice. And melancholic before the obstacles just stop and can not move on.

Little about choleric

Now I want to consider separately all of the above types. After all, they are significantly different from each other. The first will be studied the type of temperament choleric.

Initially, it should be noted that this word comes from the Greek "chole", which means "red-yellow bile". Such people are not restrained in emotions, agile, energetic, impulsive.

Positive aspects of the character of choleric

The type of temperament choleric has both its positive and negative qualities. Consider first the pros.

• Choleric rectilinear, decisive. They always know what to do in a particular situation.
• These people are fast, agile, the work in their hands just boils.
• For a new case, representatives of this type of temperament are taken without problems and fear. They do everything quickly and without difficulty overcome various obstacles.
• Choleric love to argue, to prove their case.
• The mimicry of such people is expressive. They have, as they say, everything is written on the face.
• These people have a lively, emotional speech. They can complement its various movements of the hands, body.
• The feelings of the choleric show very quickly, they are always bright and emotionally colored.
• Choleric almost never offended, do not remember the offense.
• Such person falls asleep and wakes up quickly. Sleep tight.

Disadvantages choleric temperament

We consider further the various types of temperament. A brief description of the negative sides of choleric persons includes the following features:

• The speed choleric often flows into haste.
• Movement sharp, impulsive, often unbalanced and unrestrained.
• Choleric is clearly not enough patience.
• Straightness can sometimes play its negative role. On the statements of choleric people are often offended.
• Persons with this type of temperament often provoke various kinds of conflict situations.
• Choleric people are accustomed to work jerky. A sharp rise is replaced by a decline in activity. And so in a circle.
• These are people who are not afraid to take risks. That is why they often find themselves in uncomfortable situations.
• Choleric superficial. They do not like to delve into the essence of the problem.
• Prone to mood changes.
• Such people do not tolerate blunders of others.

Рекомендация:people with a choleric type of character must learn to restrain themselves. To do this, before making a decision or a desire to express oneself, one should try to count to ten. This will help calm down and in a certain situation do everything right.

Who are the phlegmatic?

What exactly is special and interesting typetemperament phlegmatic? So, initially it should be noted that this word is derived from the Greek "phlegm", i.e. "slime". These people are reliable, diligent, peace-loving, thoughtful and little talkative.

Advantages, the positive side of phlegmatic

What good phlegmatic temperament type?

• First of all, they are calm, prudent and balanced people. They have an excerpt in any, even conflict and controversial situation.
• Such people are consistent in business. They are sure that everything they have begun is brought to a logical conclusion.
• Their speech is measured, calm. There are no unnecessary movements or pronounced facial expressions. Such people talk little.
• They adhere to the system, do not like to deviate from the order.
• Constant not only in relationships, but also in interests. This is most often Monogamous. Their feelings are deep, but carefully hidden from the surrounding eyes.
• They are reliable, unforgiving people who are very hard to ruffle.

Negative side phlegmatic

We continue to consider the types of temperament. Brief description of the negative sides, i.e. flawed phlegmatic looks like this:

• They react weakly to external stimuli, therefore they accept new circumstances rather slowly.
• Such people are not very emotional. Sometimes it is impossible to understand exactly what is going on in their soul.
• They are very slowly involved in a new job, and also switch from one case to another.
• Quite difficult to adapt in the new environment. It’s not easy meeting new people.
• It is worth noting that there are quite a lot of patterns and stereotypes in the life of phlegmatic persons, which they strictly follow.

Advice for phlegmatic persons: it is necessary to develop such missing qualities as activity and mobility.

Sanguine - who is he?

What is interesting type of temperament sanguine?It is also important to consider the origin of this term. Translated from Latin, "sanguis" means "blood." Such people are mostly seasoned, sociable, balanced and practical. Positive sides of sanguine persons:

• Their mood is mostly good. But it can change dramatically.
• All feelings in such people arise very quickly. However, do not differ in depth.
• Trouble, failures are experienced without any problems, quite easily.
• Endurance and performance are at a high level.
• No problem make new acquaintances. In dealing with new people do not experience discomfort, inconvenience, fear.
• Such people even in the most difficult situations, restrain their emotions. They have a great sense of self-control.
• Speech is loud, hurried, with a distinct. Facial expressions and gestures are bright, pronounced.
• These are good organizers. The activities are persistent, all matters are brought to a logical conclusion.

Disadvantages of this type of temperament

Considering the features of types of temperament, it should be noted that sanguine persons also have their negative sides:

• Tend not to bring things to the end. However, this is true only if the interest in the activity is lost.
• Sanguine men do not accept monotonous work.
• Such people often overestimate themselves and their capabilities.
• These are people who quickly change hobbies. This applies to both interests and personal life.
• In decisions such persons can be hasty, reckless.
• Sanguine mood is unstable and prone to change.

Advice to such people: in order to achieve good results, they should not be wasted on trifles. It is also desirable to develop perseverance and accuracy.

Who are melancholic?

Finally it's time to consider the last type.temperament. Melancholic - what is it? So, the term itself is derived from the Greek "meline cold", which means "black bile." Such people are mostly uncommunicative, withdrawn, anxious, and often sullen. Consider their advantages:

• Melancholic is sensitive. However, this may also apply to faults such as temperament.
• Such people put forward excessive demands on themselves, which makes them strive for the best.
• They are tactful, restrained.
• Melancholic people feel other people perfectly, their mood.
• The emotions of such people are strong, deep, bright, permanent.
• Work calmly and productively. However, only in a familiar environment.

Disadvantages of melancholic

So, find out the negative aspects of this type of temperament.

• Again, sensitization and emotionality come to the fore.
• Such people are very hard to bear the offense, if upset, then for a long time.
• Melancholic in most cases, shy, shy, not prone to communication personality.
• These are people who rarely laugh. Mostly they are pessimistic.
• They do not like anything new; they adapt for a long time in a new team. Changes for them is something terrible, difficult.
• In the work they need to make pauses, as they are prone to rapid fatigue.
• Their speech is quiet, weak. Facial expressions and gestures are practically absent.
• These are tearful, tearful people.
• In most cases, the melancholic is timid, anxious and withdrawn.
• In difficult moments, such people tend to get lost, they often lower their hands in front of obstacles, not trying to get around them or get out of the way.

Recommendations for melancholic:for normal life it is necessary to overcome shyness. To do this, you should try as often as possible to participate in various events. You also need to make acquaintances, to communicate more. Also it is very important for such people to constantly increase their self-esteem.

Basic components

It is necessary to consider the psychological types of temperament, i.e. those components of the moments on the basis of which this division occurs. So, these are the following nuances:

1. Sensitivity. This is the amount of external forces that is necessary for the manifestation of the reaction.
2. Reactivity. This is the level of reaction manifested.
3. Activity. This is the same energy.
4. Rigidity and plasticity. This is a certain degree of adaptability to various kinds of external stimuli.
5. The reaction rate. This is a special course of reactions and various mental processes (speed of speech, etc.).
6. Introversion or extraversion.
7. Emotional excitability.

It is these properties that made it possible to distinguish four main types of temperament that can be inherent in man.

A few words about children

Worth noting that absolutely no senseseparately consider the types of temperament of children. After all, they are the same as described above. However, it is necessary to clarify that as they grow older, the type of temperament may change. In childhood, one can prevail, in adulthood - a completely different type. Cardinal changes often do not occur. So the types of temperament of children are the same as in adults. Kids also happen to be choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. However, the type of upbringing is important here. So, for children of different temperaments, you need to look for a completely different approach. After all, they have significantly different levels of understanding and perception of information.

About purity of types

Обязательно надо уточнить, что мало таких людей, which has one clear type of temperament. This is basically a tandem of two different types. One of them will be the lead, i.e. more thorough. The other is optional. Scientists also say that each person contains the features of all four types of temperament. But their concentration is completely different.

Figuring out your type

The determination of the type of temperament occurs onbased on various tests and techniques. It must be said that today there are a lot of them. So, this is a questionnaire in which there is a certain number of extremely simple questions. Their goal is to understand exactly how a person reacts to a particular situation.

When passing such tests, it is recommended to givequick and clear answers. No need to think about what to say or what to choose. We must act depending on the emotions that arise first. It must be remembered: in such questionnaires there are no right or wrong questions. There can not answer good or bad.

For what, strictly speaking, you need to know your typetemperament? Everything is simple: in order to understand your strengths and weaknesses for the subsequent work on your “I”. It is also necessary knowledge if you have to communicate with different people. So, it must be remembered that the melancholic can not be required to speed up the tasks, and from choleric - peace.

Tests

As mentioned above, the determination of the type of temperament occurs through various questionnaires.

• Test Rusalov. It gives the opportunity to determine the dynamic properties of the individual. It has 150 questions. It is necessary to answer quickly, without thinking.
• Test Belov.In this case, 4 cards will be presented to the person in turn. There will be written 20 properties that may be characteristic of a particular person. In each of them, a person should note what is characteristic of him.
• But the most popular istest Eysenk. A person is asked 100 different questions that reflect a certain behavior or reaction to a particular situation. If the statement, in the subject's opinion, is true, it puts a plus, but if it is wrong, it is a minus.
• Through the questionnaire Smirnov, you can determine the polar qualities of character. For example, excitability and poise, extraversion and introversion, etc.