Their inhabitants are known by their literary andmusical works from the life of the creative bohemians of Paris: poor artists and musicians lived on the uppermost floors of buildings, where dark and narrow stairs led where there was not enough light and there was no heating.
Roofs of buildings of medieval cities, coveredtiles, had a steep slope of the roof, and under the roof there were spaces of quite significant volumes. In cities, the living space was always scarce, each residential floor was taxed, and the height of the building was measured to the cornice. So, what is the attic for urban homeowners of the XVII century? This is the way to get a net profit.
Идея использовать пространство под крышей для residential premises was born before François Mansar (1598-1666), but it was this architect who widely used such a technique, building in Paris buildings with roofs that have a characteristic fracture. It was after his buildings that every architect remembered what an attic was. The roof, which has ramps on both sides of the skate from two planes with different slopes, made it possible to create a maximum space in the roof where it was possible to accommodate two residential levels.
In many countries, the attic is itself calledthe roof shape most often used by Mansar, and the attic is called the whole space from the ceiling of the upper floor to the roof, if it is used for housing, that is, the walls and roof are insulated, natural lighting is provided, convenient access is provided from the lower level (usually a ladder), completed decorative surface finish.
Normative documents also clearly define thatsuch an attic. The definition, which contains SNiP 2.08.01-89, gives the floor designation in the attic space formed by the roof planes - inclined or broken - while the intersection line of the vertical wall of the facade and the inclined plane of the roof is 1.5 meters from the floor of the attic.
The possibility of using the attic floor is calculated by the formula:
It is under these conditions that the use of the attic is considered permissible, although such figures are contained in documents that are recommendatory in nature.
Освещение мансарды - очень важный вопрос, в which is better to trust a specialist. The peculiarity is to correctly calculate the glazing area: the extra openings will contribute to a particularly impressive heat loss. After all, what is the attic in the house, how not the place where warm air rises from the lower levels? In calculating the area of light aperture, it is necessary to take into account the difference in efficiency of conventional windows installed in vertical walls - in the case of a mansard it is usually the front of the facades - windows in luquarna, aural and roof windows installed in the roof slopes.
It is necessary to adhere to such proportions in the ratio of the floor area and the area of the light apertures:
The nature of the attic room requires specialattention to solving the problems of ventilation. Modern materials for the construction of roofing "pies" and engineering networks will help to solve this particular problem.
The use of wooden structures in the construction of the attic normalizing documents are quite acceptable, but under the condition of antipirating treatment of wood and at a building height of not more than 75 m.
Usually from the advantages of the atticfloors indicate economic considerations, reasonable use of space and high architectural qualities of such a constructive solution. High aesthetic qualities of the well-maintained under-roof space are visible from the illustrations explaining what an attic is. Photos of the magnificent interiors of bedrooms, children's rooms and offices, located at the highest level, are impressive.
The importance of these factors is affected by two main factors: an attic is being constructed during the reconstruction of an existing building or its use in a projected building is envisaged.
If the attic is being erected on an existing building,the factor of increasing the area used is particularly attractive, and it is possible to use light and inexpensive materials and structures that do not require the use of heavy equipment, so there is no need for resettlement of tenants. This direction in improving the residential infrastructure of cities can be very attractive.
For example, what is an attic for a Khrushchev?This is a completely different level of comfort and visual appeal, and if not for a heavy system of approvals, making such investments unprofitable by long-term and minimizing the economic benefits for builders, many obsolete buildings could acquire a large amount of additional comfortable living space.
There are many options for architecturaluse of space under the roof. The very understanding of what an attic is. At home, photos of which can be seen on construction sites, show that under the roof can be located the most attractive and comfortable rooms, the most different destinations. The loft from housing for the poor has turned into a special "chip" - a detail of the house that enhances its architectural appeal.
