With the development of civilization and the formation of the institution of the state, the concept "the border. "This there was a line separating the territories of different rulers. Each sovereign protected and protected the squares belonging to his people. In ancient times borders of countries were not definite and clear. They are often reviewed at the end of hostilities. The situation changed after the introduction of customs duties for the transport of goods across the border and transit through the territory of the state.
In domestic documents in the first half of XIVat. began to use a new concept - "border". This definition was first used in a treaty charter signed by Novgorod with the Livonian Order on January 28, 1323. Meanwhile, the formal consolidation of the concept took place much later - by the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. At the beginning of the XVIII century. in Russia, certain terminology was formed related to the organizational structures that provided border protection. Among the concepts that were used were "guard", "ambush", "guard", "outpost", "customs", "village". In 1847, the dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian language clarified what the border was. This word was interpreted as a boundary, the limit separating one territory from another.
Boundary between states is a line as wella vertical surface along it defining the limits of neighboring territories and their sovereignty. The science that studies the frontier is called limology. It is one of the directions of political geography. State borders can be lake, river, sea, air and land. The latter are the lines separating the territories of neighboring states. They are determined by the countries themselves usually in a contractual manner. In accordance with the signed agreements, the boundary is set directly on the ground. It is worth noting that currently there are countries that have neither borders nor customs. One of these states is the Principality of Monaco.
The orographic boundary is a line drawn fromtaking into account natural barriers. For example, they may be rivers, lakes, mountains, seas and so on. Geometric boundaries are formed by drawing straight lines that connect two points. Consider how many borders a state can have. The lake and river borders are established similarly to the land - in accordance with the contract. In navigable flows, the border, as a rule, passes along the line of maximum depths or in the middle of the main fairway. On non-navigable rivers, as well as along streams, the line is set at the center of the stream or its main branch. It should be said that such boundaries are subject to natural changes. When establishing boundaries, this moment is sometimes negotiated separately. States can also draw a line regardless of any changes. The air line is a vertical plane. It passes through the water and land borders. Currently there is no clear definition of the altitude limit. Its value varies from 90 to 110 km.
They are established or internal act of the country,or by agreement with the opposite / border state. In this case, and in fact, and in another case, the documents must comply with international legal norms. Territorial waters may have different widths. Currently, it ranges from 3 to 12 nautical miles. The exceptions are neutral waters. These, in particular, include p. Danube, English Channel, Gibraltar, Magellan, Panama, Suez, Corinthian, Kiel Canals, historic Hudson Bay and Varanger Fjord.
To determine, where is the border States demarcate and delimit.The latter is a process of describing the passage of the line and drawing the established line on the map. When delimiting by the parties, the key principles of the description and definition of the boundary are agreed upon. At the same time, mutual interests are taken into account, respect for territorial integrity, reciprocity and mutual understanding are shown. Delimitation must comply with international norms, geographical documents, historical traditions. At the end of the negotiations, the parties conclude an agreement on the passage of the border. Drawn maps are applied to it. Usually such agreements are perpetual.
It is carried out after the end of delimitation -legal registration of boundaries. At the stage of demarcation, the boundary is determined directly on the ground. In particular, special signs are established on land, and floats and buoys on water. The demarcation is carried out by a mixed commission, which includes representatives of neighboring states. Upon completion of the work, a protocol is signed. It describes the boundary line, with acts and maps for each sign installed. These documents are also attached to the main agreement. Periodically, the parties check the contact line, if necessary, replace outdated and destroyed signs. This process is called redemarcation.
In each domestic lawthe state has a regulatory act regulating the issues of the content of boundaries, their intersection by transport and citizens, conflict resolution and so on. Neighboring countries can sign agreements establishing a simplified state border regime. For example, persons who work constantly or seasonally, study in the adjacent territory may be issued special passes. Such documents are also issued to those who visit burial places, meet regularly with relatives, perform religious rites, and so on.
It should be distinguished from the state border.The demarcation lines arise as a result of military conflicts and the ensuing truces. In the past century, such a boundary arose, for example, in 1949 in Korea, and also in 1954 in Vietnam. Neither side of the demarcation line is not considered as a state border. It only divides the parties to the conflict. Demilitarized zones are conducted along it.
The Vatican and San Marino are surrounded by stateItaly abroad. In the Vatican, the border is a high medieval fortress wall. Its length is 3.2 km. There are several gates in the wall, which always close at night. The border of San Marino is presented in the form of an arch with a mast and the words "Welcome to the ancient land of freedom".
Некоторые рубежи разделяют не только государства, but also cities. Such a situation, for example, was in Berlin. In most cases, this separation violates the usual course of life and economic activity. This is due to the fact that in the cities people often had one transport system, a water source, and a common communal economy. When the borders are drawn, these objects are also separated, which creates inconvenience for the population.
On the border of Latvia and Estonia is locatedRoll / Roll. This city has been one since its foundation (since 1286). Its population was made up of Latvians and Estonians. In 1920, the city was divided, then in the Soviet period it was reunited, and then again demarcated in 1991.
At the turn of Estonia and Russia is also presentsimilar city - Narva. From the Russian side, it is called Ivangorod. The boundary lies in the center of the reservoir dam. This creates difficulties in its normal maintenance.
The border between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan also passes through the dam. Between Czechoslovakia and Germany lay a line not only in the city of Eisenstein / Zhelezná Ruda, but also at the only station here.
Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan after the collapse of the Soviet Union divided the city of Kara-Suu. The border stretched through the market, located on both sides of the channel.
Most of the EU states are included in the Schengenzone. Inside it, citizens have complete freedom of movement. The Schengen Agreement is presented in the form of two documents. The first is canceled visa control on internal borders, the second - the Convention - determines the order of entry into force of this agreement. These documents received legal force in 1995.
Currently, quite a few citizens havein the property of immovable objects. These include land plots as well. For registration of the right to them, it is necessary to go through the obligatory state registration procedure. It is often necessary to establish the boundaries of the site. To do this, you must submit a certain package of documents to the authorized bodies. It includes:
The boundaries of the site are specified by the OfficeFederal Center for Unified Registration of Cadastre and Cartography. The subject who submitted the application is put in a queue for the execution of works of a technical nature. The local administration must take a copy of the plan of holdings of the territory. It is provided to the cadastral engineer. In accordance with the plan, the specialists carry out the marking and draw the map. In addition, the topography survey is carried out. It reveals the features of the location of the site relative to the neighboring. In addition, it is necessary to remember the obligation to agree the boundaries of the site with all neighbors. The received documents are certified by the municipality. Collected papers are provided to the registration authority. Here the plot will be put on cadastral registration and will receive its unique number. After 1 month will be issued on the ownership of ownership.
Often neighbors cannot come to mutualagreement on the boundaries of their plots. In such cases, the dispute is resolved in court. The interested subject sues with the appropriate requirements. The court has the right to establish the procedure for using the site. At the same time, an examination is carried out, the limits of holdings are indicated.
The concept of "boundary" is used in a variety ofspheres of life. So, the lines are established, dividing states, regions, cities. Territories within their borders may have a different area. Changing the boundaries is carried out in the manner prescribed by law. In particular, acts are adopted at the federal and regional levels.
For example, a map has been developed, in accordance withwhich sets new borders for Moscow in 2017. The territory of the city will be significantly expanded, it will include several settlements, road junctions, and other infrastructure.
Borders of countries, as a rule, are not exposedchanges. The exceptions are cases when one state decides to join the other. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with international standards. For example, in 2014, the territory of Russia increased due to the inclusion of the Crimea Peninsula in its structure. Expansion of borders was carried out in accordance with the results of the referendum held on the peninsula. In general, the geopolitical map has not changed significantly since the end of World War II. Almost all countries have frontier agreements, as well as access control rules.
