To account for buildings and buildings that areare characterized by the ecological, social and economic consequences of their refusals, the class of responsibility of buildings is established: elevated, normal and reduced, that is, I, II and III.
The first level (class of responsibility of buildings)is accepted as the highest, because the failure of such structures can lead to severe consequences - ecological, social or economic. The first level includes, for example, reservoirs for oil products and crude oil with a capacity of more than ten thousand cubic meters, as well as main pipelines. The first level includes industrial buildings, where the spans exceed one hundred meters, communications structures with a height of more than one hundred meters. The first is an increased class of responsibility for buildings and unique facilities.
Второй уровень - нормальный, его принимают для structures and buildings of mass construction. These are residential houses, industrial, public, agricultural facilities. The second class of responsibility of buildings is also quite high. If there is an accident or failure during operation, there is a threat to life and health of people. The third level - lowered - assumes a low class of responsibility of buildings and structures. These are constructions of auxiliary or seasonal purpose - greenhouses and greenhouses, summer pavilions, warehouses and the like.
Objects that are given the first classresponsibility of buildings and structures, include capital construction, where special conditions have been developed in accordance with Federal Law No. 123 of 2008 and in accordance with the Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation. Such buildings and structures undergo state expertise, because they are the most dangerous, technically complex. The first class of buildings is distributed according to the degree of responsibility and to unique objects of capital construction.
Especially dangerous and technically complex are always and allobjects that are built for nuclear energy. Under the definition of the class of responsibility of buildings and structures of the first level, nuclear facilities, points where nuclear materials and radioactive substances are stored, also fall. This includes hydrotechnical construction (both first and second class), which are established in accordance with the legislation on the safety of hydraulic structures.
The first class of building responsibility (GOST 27751-2014) includes a long list of objects that are unique and technically complex, as well as dangerous during operation:
How to determine the class of responsibility of a building orif it is known that it is used for obtaining, using, processing, storing, transporting or destroying dangerous substances that exceed the limit values? This is always the first level of responsibility. This is indicated by Federal Law No. 116 of 1997 in Annexes 1 and 2. Only gas distribution systems where natural gas is stored, transported and used (pressure up to 1.2 megapascals) or liquefied gas (pressure 1.6 megapascals) can be excluded from this list, .
The first class of responsibility of buildings and structuresSNiP (construction norms and rules) assigns objects designed to produce melts of non-ferrous and ferrous metals and alloys. It also includes facilities where mining or ore mining, mines and mines are carried out. Also to the first class of responsibility belong stationary funiculars and cable cars.
Unique objects must contain certaincharacteristics in their project documentation, which are listed below. The presence of at least one item indicates that this object has the first class of responsibility of the building. JV (Code of Regulations) SNiP describes these characteristics in detail.
Special purpose facilities, including military ones, andAlso their complexes are considered separately. In the same way, the class of responsibility for buildings and structures of the Republic of Belarus (the Republic of Belarus) is defined, in other countries of the former Soviet Union the set of rules for capital construction has been significantly changed.
The responsibility class of a building of level 2 is obtainedobjects that do not require specially designed technical conditions, but they necessarily pass state expertise. This includes all housing construction and infrastructure facilities that are not related to the first or third levels of responsibility.
Building class by degree of responsibilityis determined in accordance with the list given above. If there is no nuclear reactor in the building, as in one of the buildings of the MEPhI University, it is clearly related to the second level of responsibility.
The third level of responsibility is assigned to the capital construction object, if it does not require state expertise in accordance with the Town Planning Code.
In 2009, the Federal Law ontechnical regulations for the safety of buildings and buildings in order to protect the health and life of citizens, property of legal entities and individuals, as well as municipal and state property. Also, the Federal Law guarantees the protection of the environment, ensures the energy efficiency of buildings and buildings, and prevents actions that mislead consumers.
To draw up this law it tookthe use of basic safety concepts, which are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding technical regulation, urban planning, fire safety.
Все объекты, появившиеся в результате construction, have aboveground and underground parts, premises for living, activities or production, for storing products or keeping animals, engineering and technical support. Each structure or building needs a security system. First of all, this is the protection of engineering - from natural phenomena and processes, dangerous technogenic impacts, threats of a terrorist plan.
Secondly, mechanical safety is necessary:The condition of the foundation of a structure or building, as well as building structures, must not contain any danger to the health and life of citizens, a risk to property of a municipal, state or owned legal or natural person, as well as a danger to the environment, plants or animals. Buildings and structures should not lose stability and collapse - neither in whole nor in part.
Характеристика объекта обозначает уровень его responsibility, that is, determining the amount of environmental, social and economic consequences of its failure. This can occur for various reasons, including due to fatigue phenomena in the material, when the physical and mechanical properties change after long-term deformations and stresses.
Characteristics of the safety of construction sites- these are qualitative and quantitative indicators of the properties of the foundation, structures and materials of which they consist, networks and systems of engineering and technical support. Compliance with the rules of construction and operation of facilities and buildings ensures the safety of the health and lives of citizens.
The minimum necessary requirementslisted in this federal law, applicable to all structures and buildings, engineering and technical networks and systems included in them, design processes and surveys, construction, installation, commissioning, operation and demolition (disposal) are as follows.
Mechanical and fire safety requirementssafety at man-made or natural hazards. Requirements of conditions that will be safe for human health during residence, stay or use of these buildings or structures. There should be accessibility for people with disabilities and people with disabilities. From the basic requirements - energy efficiency and safety of environmental impact.
The base of the building or structure, as well asBuilding structures must be stable and durable so that during construction or operation there is no threat to the health or life of people and the damage to their property, the environment, animals and plants. And such a danger arises in the destruction of individual building structures (bearing) or their parts, in the destruction of the entire structure or building, during deformation of the geological array in the adjacent territory.
Получить повреждения может часть здания или structures, networks or systems of engineering and technical support due to displacements, deformations or loss of stability of structural structures, due to deviations from verticality. The class of responsibility of buildings and structures is always determined by the level of consequences - possible social losses, material losses, which are associated with the loss of integrity of the object.
To social losses in case of failure includerisk factors such as danger to the health and life of people, a sharp deterioration in the surrounding area of the ecological situation. For example, if storages of toxic substances or gases are destroyed, the treatment facilities of enterprises fail, such consequences will bring social losses.
With the loss of cultural and historical monuments, as well asOther spiritual values, when the operation of networks and communication systems, transport, power supply is created, a situation is created that threatens the security of society and is also fraught with social losses. The main requirements for the responsibility of buildings and structures are the conditions under which the danger of impossibility of organizing the provision of assistance to people injured during an accident or during natural disasters is eliminated, and the threat of the defense capability of the Russian Federation is excluded.
