In the composition of residential, public and industrialbuildings include fire extinguishing systems. One of the most effective means of this kind is the water supply channel, which is used as intended at specific points of the object. Along the water supply lines, the liquid is directed to the pumping stations and then to the direct diffusers. In order for the fire pipeline to perform its tasks for a long time, while maintaining an optimal load, it should be regularly subjected to tests and maintenance.
Fire water system is not onlywater supply and supply channels. This is a whole infrastructure of devices, accessories and devices that are not always directly associated with the maintenance of the water carrier. Nevertheless, almost all fire water systems are formed on the basis of steel pipes or their parts connected by welding. An obligatory component of the pipeline is also a crane - forged cast iron is used as the optimal material for this part or, in extreme cases, bronze is used. The crane is designed to connect with fire hoses when it comes to mobile fire extinguishing systems.
As already mentioned, one of the technologicalservice points of the water channel is the pump. This may be a pumping station of high pressure, capable of serving simultaneously several stationary sprinklers and mobile water supply channels. Also in the composition of the water supply system, regulating and shut-off valves, switches, tanks, detectors, etc. are provided. The configuration of the placement of these devices may vary depending on what scheme is implemented directly fire water in the structure of a particular object. So, there are external and internal ways of placing communication.
Outdoor installation and operationfire water supply is optimal when it comes to extinguishing large construction projects using special technical means. In particular, the majority of systems of this type are focused on the maintenance of buildings with a capacity of up to 1000 m3. As for specific types of objects, the outdoor fire water supply is used for almost all production facilities of classes C, D and D. It is also allowed to extinguish hangars, terminals, and storage facilities.
Water consumption in this case is about 10l / s This is an average value, since theoretically the maximum value can reach 35 l / s. However, in the case of residential and public facilities, there are restrictive requirements for loads on water supply networks and distribution lines. Pre-calculated and the level of pressure from which water will be supplied. For example, the recommended value when using low pressure is 10 m. As the number of floors is increased, the force may increase at the rate of 4 m per floor. Despite the attractive performance characteristics, outdoor fire water supply is not always effective in combating internal sources of ignition. Accordingly, in such situations internal water lines are more often used.
Нормативы организации внутреннего пожарного water supply systems are defined in the relevant section of the SNiP number 2.04.01-85. This water supply system provides fire extinguishing in industrial and public buildings, regardless of their categories. The height of the water supply can be 50 m, and the volume can reach 50 thousand meters.3. For residential buildings, the internal fire water supply system, on average, supplies water at a speed of 1.5 l / s - provided that the diameters of the sleeves and trunks are adjusted to 38 mm.
Thanks to the narrow stream, such systems canEnsure media is fed to higher heights. For the same reason, it is inappropriate to use them in the protection of low buildings from fire. Most often, such structures are introduced into the infrastructure of hospitals, schools, universities, assembly halls, production facilities.
The main task that the internalfire water supply, is to prevent the spread of fire at specific points. Therefore, if in the case of external plumbing the main goal is to supply mobile lines with hoses, then the internal complexes are oriented towards stationary sprinklers integrated into the ceilings of the rooms. It can be drencher and sprinkler nozzles with different designs of nozzles, focused on the dispersion of droplets or mist. Such devices are structurally complex, but their advantage is the possibility of operating in automatic mode.
In the process of checking the system for water lossit is estimated how the pressure indicators on the main trunk correspond to the standard pressure. This check allows you to insure against overloads on the line and prevent accidents. Water loss tests are carried out twice a year. The time for testing is selected on the basis of the period in which the most active water consumption at the facility is observed. For example, in the summer season. At the same time communications should be checked with a minimum pressure in the main center line. This will allow to evaluate the possibilities of the channel operation under the least favorable conditions.
In addition to pressure, check the fire pipelineIt also reveals the height level of the compact jet segment, the volume of water consumption and the pressure at the valve. But specifically to make disparate measurements in most cases is not required, since these indicators are interrelated. For example, the pressure on the main barrel will correspond to the same indicator in the valve. And at least the data on the flow and height of the jet will be in the standard.
The test for water loss is carried outconsistently on the fireplug, which has the greatest distance from the pumping station. If the line falls on the load from several cranes - each of them must be activated. Including the adjacent cranes and communications connected to the riser, which is connected to the fire water supply. Requirements at the same time note that pressure should be measured only on the main giving crane. Alternatively, for convenience, you can control the most highly placed fire hydrant of the system.
Pressure is the main measurement parametertherefore, the pressure gauge will also become the main instrument in the work of the tester. Usually for such purposes are used measuring inserts with pressure gauges. End inserts are provided in advance with special coupling heads.
As for the placement of the fixture,the position between the fire hose and the valve is optimal. Directly device gauge is installed on the insert. If there is no possibility of direct connection, then you can use a flexible meter hose, which also allows you to transfer the degree of pressure to the gauge scale.
Depending on the verification tasksfire water supply may include measurements of other parameters. For example, temperature. But for this it is necessary to use either combined pressure gauges with the function of a thermometer, or industrial bimetallic devices with a remote measurement sensor.
In addition to checking the metrology and workersindicators of water fire infrastructure, the technical condition of its components is also being tested. The main object of the test is the fire barrel. They are far from being always tested as part of the water loss test, so a separate examination is fully justified.
No gaps, deformations and defects onsurface of the trunk - the main criteria by which in this part and evaluate the internal fire water supply. Requirements for both external and internal systems initially state that, for handguns, output diameters must be between 13-19 mm. The average allowable value is 16 mm.
Sleeves are also checked for compliance.integrity and size. In particular, the sleeve length can be 10, 15 or 20 m. As for the diameters, they vary from 51 to 66 mm. The specific size of the barrel and sleeves are selected based on the type of object being served and the requirements for fire fighting tactics.
By the way, check the internal fireplumbing also extends to the analysis of the quality of work sprinklers with their own design features. Artists evaluate their integrity, quality of water supply, the integrity of the element base and the quality of connections. Almost every system provides for the presence of water tanks, which can be called reserve sources. Tanks of this type are checked for tightness and quality of connection with the communications of water lines.
В каждом случае положительные параметры будут different, because we can talk about an individual project of the water supply system. As a basic criterion is considered an indicator of pressure. Its value in accordance with the normative proportions will be superimposed on the optimal values that appear in the design decision. In any case, a positive inspection of the fire pipeline will be such only if the integrity of the equipment and its compliance with specific technical parameters - length, diameter, etc.
After fixing the results of the test is compiledspecial document. In particular, the tester writes a protocol in which the data on the results of testing the water loss potential is entered. This document contains information about the pressure at the barrel and valve. At the same time, a fire fighting act is drawn up, which indicates the time and place of testing, as well as information about the building and the equipment being serviced. The characteristics of tested communications — for example, trunk type, sleeve material, crane dimensions, etc. — are also detailed. Both documents ultimately must be signed by all commission members who participated in the verification process.
В процессе испытаний участники проверки должны follow the safety rules. First of all, to the tests themselves are allowed persons who have passed the appropriate instructions on how to handle the fire pipeline tools. Each participant must have special clothes with a water-repellent coating. The characteristics of its tissues should correspond to the stresses with which the water supply system works.
Usually such events are held onspecial landfills, but in some cases, when it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the system as a whole, testing is inevitably carried out at the site of the equipment In such situations, for example, tests on water loss can be performed only in moments when the jet does not pose a threat to passing people and vehicles.
Inside the building should also be providedfire safety of the aqueduct, if the infrastructure of interaction between the source, the pump and the sprinkler is checked. Since a comprehensive inspection may involve the performance of a number of collapsible manipulations, a complete set of tools and accessories should be prepared in advance that are suitable for a particular type of plumbing fittings.
Technical condition in caseinfrastructure is used regularly, should be checked at least twice a year. Pipelines, risers, reinforcement elements, fittings, sleeves with barrels, fire cabinets and other devices and devices are subject to inspection. If necessary, maintenance personnel performs repair work, changes worn parts, updates lubricating fluids in the motor filling of the pump and makes structural changes.
Следует учитывать, что состояние водопровода may adversely affect not only the effectiveness of the fire extinguishing function, but also the safety of the building itself or the room to which it is attached. For example, under a high pressure load, even without the threat of fire, the contour of the pipe can arbitrarily escape from the flimsy joint, causing material damage to property.
At the same time, the maintenance of the fire pipelineIt also touches issues of line performance as such. Workers evaluate the quality of the pumping station and the stability of the water supply from the main source. If necessary, they also make adjustments to the pressure and performance parameters of the equipment so that they optimally meet the fire safety requirements for the current period.
Pledge of successful verification and effectivethe operation of the fire water supply system is provided at the design and installation stage. Experts determine the rationality of laying circuits according to various schemes, taking into account the potential of hydrants, pumping stations and water supply lines. If at these stages conscientious work was done, then the fire pipeline is more likely to demonstrate compliance with the standards for water loss and technical requirements.
В дальнейшем качество эксплуатации водопроводной infrastructure will depend on other factors. For example, how protected are the same hydrants in winter time. No less acute are the issues with space for transport. Near public buildings and production facilities must provide parking for fire engines. At the very least, access roads and roads to the nearest water sources should be prepared regardless of the season.
It will be useful to provide nuancespower supply. As a rule, pumping stations with automatic control work from the mains, so the presence of a backup generator will allow you to insure in case of a power failure from the central line.
