Hormones are a differentiationorganic substances that can affect the vital functions of the human body. Gonadotropic hormones affect the functioning of the reproductive system. They are synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland and from there are secreted into the blood.
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts:front and back. In the front, hormones are directly synthesized and released into the blood. In the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland they come from the hypothalamus and are secreted into the blood only under certain circumstances.
Gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland stimulate the sexual glands. These include:
The production of hormones is carried out in gonadotrophs (basophilic cells) of the adenohypophysis. They account for about 15% of all cells in the anterior lobe.
When fertilization and implantation of the fetal egg in the uterine wall in the body, women begin to develop specific pituitary gonadotropic hormones, represented by the chorionic gonadotropin.
The function of the hormone is to maintain the workyellow body (excretion of estrogen and progesterone) until full placenta maturation. It has a high luteinizing effect on the body, which largely surpasses FSH and LH.
Biological activity of hormones provides themA unique structure, which includes two subunits. The first, a-subunit, has an almost identical structure in all gonadotropic hormones, while the b-subunit provides a unique effect of the hormone.
Separately, these subunits do not carry anyinfluence on the body, but when they combine, their biological activity and influence on the vital processes of the organism, in particular, the reproductive system, are ensured. Thus, gonadotropic hormones have an important effect not only on the sexual sphere, but also on the endocrine processes, and on the regulation of the hormonal balance.
Since antiquity, scientists have sought to studybiological activity of hormones and their effect on the human body. Gonadotropic hormones exert a great influence on the processes of vital activity of the human body. Therefore, a study of the mechanism of their action is a very important and interesting question. When carrying out studies with labeled hormones, it was possible to establish that cells are able to recognize a certain hormone, and bind only to certain cells.
The process of binding to the cell is carried outby the presence in the membrane or within the cell itself of the protein molecule - the receptor. Intracellular reception refers to steroid hormones, since they have the property of penetrating into the cell and influencing its work. Membrane reception is characteristic of protein hormones that bind to the membrane membrane of the cell.
Binding of the hormone to the receptor proteinpromotes the formation of a complex. This stage passes without the participation of enzymes and is reversible. Steroid hormones penetrate the cell, bind to the receptor. After transformation, the formed complex penetrates into the nucleus of the cell and promotes the formation of a specific RNA, in the cytoplasm of which the synthesis of enzymatic particles that cause the action of hormones on the cell occurs.
FSH is most active in females. It stimulates the growth of follicular cells, which under the influence of GCICs turn into vesicles and mature before the ovulation stage.
Under the influence of FSN, there is an increase in massovaries and testes. However, even with the artificial introduction of synthetic hormone, it is impossible to cause the development of interstitial tissue, which affects the secretion of androgens of the testicular nature.
The GCI is responsible for ovulation and education inovaries of the yellow body. Also, together with follicle-stimulating hormone, it affects the secretion of estrogens. Under the influence of a hormone that stimulates interstitial cells, there is an increase in the organs responsible for secondary sexual characteristics.
LTG is very similar to the growth hormone.After carrying out laboratory tests, it was found that they are in the same molecule, therefore, one can not separately separate each of these hormones. The functions of LTG include the secretion of milk and progesterone. It is important to note here that these processes are caused by the interaction of a large number of hormones, since when the body exerts only LTG, these functions do not appear.
So, for the allocation of milk, the following hormones are needed:
Gonadotropic hormones require regularinteraction to ensure the full functioning of the organism and all its systems. That is why the separate influence of each of them (in the case of the introduction of synthetic hormones) does not cause the expected reaction of the organism.
Hypothalamus secretes into the blood gonadotropicreleasing hormone. It has a polypeptide structure and affects the secretion of pituitary hormones. It has a greater effect on luteinizing hormone, and then on follicle-stimulating hormone. GnRH is produced in clearly defined time intervals, in women they range from 15 to 45 minutes (depending on the cycle), and in men the hormone is secreted every 90 minutes.
With the artificial introduction of synthetic hormonethrough the dropper, the hormone secretion functions are broken, which consist in a short-term increase in secretion, and then in the complete cessation of the production of gonadotropic hormones in the anterior pituitary gland.
GnRH provides stimulation of the anteriorpituitary gland cells whose cells (gonadotropins) have a specific gonadoliberin receptor for the secretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, which in turn affect the functioning of the gonads.
FG stimulates the maturation of spermatozoa andoocytes, LH affects the secretion of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone). Under the influence of sex hormones, cells of the reproductive system mature and become ready for fertilization.
With excessively rapid processesoogenesis and spermatogenesis secreted inhibin, affecting the gonadotropic hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which contributes to slowing the maturation of the sex cells by acting on the follicle-stimulating hormone.
Increasingly in medical practice is foundtreatment by the introduction of artificial hormones. With some endocrine diseases or disorders of the human reproductive system, gonadotropin hormone preparations are used. Their introduction to a certain extent affects the production of sex hormones and the processes occurring in the body.
In the case of a violation of the synthesis of gonadotropic hormonescan develop certain endocrine disorders (miscarriages in the first trimester, sexual immaturity, sexual infantilism, Simmonds disease and Shihan syndrome).
To neutralize these pathologies,the study of blood and analysis of its hormonal composition. Then drugs are prescribed that are necessary to restore the proper balance of hormones and, accordingly, the regulation of vital processes in the body.
