У человека насчитывается больше ста миллиардов neurons. Each of them consists of appendages and a body - as a rule, from several dendrites, short and branched, and one axon. By means of the shoots, neurons make contact with each other. At the same time, circles and networks are formed along which the impulses are circulated. Since ancient times, scientists are concerned about whether nerve cells are being restored.
Throughout life, the brain loses neurons.This death is programmed genetically. However, unlike other cells, they do not have the ability to share. In such cases, another mechanism begins to operate. The functions of lost cells begin to be performed by nearby ones, which, increasing in size, begin to form new connections. Thus, inaction of dead neurons is compensated.
Previously, it was assumed that the nerve cells did notrestored. However, this claim is refuted by modern medicine. Despite the lack of ability to divide, nerve cells are restored and developed in the brain of even an adult. In addition, neurons can regenerate lost processes and connect with other cells.
The most significant accumulation of nerve cells is located in the brain. Due to outgoing numerous processes, contacts with neighboring neurons are formed.
Cranial, autonomic and spinal nodules,nerve endings and nerves that provide impulses to tissues, internal organs and limbs, form the peripheral part of the human nervous system.
The nervous system in a healthy body issystem of coherent. However, if in a complex chain one of the links ceases to perform its functions, the entire body may suffer. Severe brain damage accompanying Parkinson's disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease lead to an accelerated loss of neurons. For many decades, scientists are trying to answer the question of how nerve cells are restored.
Today it is known that the nucleation of neurons in the brainadult mammals can be carried out with the help of special stem cells (the so-called neuronal cells). At the moment, it is established that nerve cells are restored in the subventricular region, the hippocampus (dentate gyrus) and the cerebellar cortex. In the latter area, the most intensive neurogenesis is noted. The cerebellum participates in the acquisition and preservation of information about the skills of the automated and unconscious. For example, when learning the movements of a dance, a person gradually ceases to think about them, making them automatically.
The most intriguing scientists consider regenerationneurons in the dentate gyrus. In this area, emotions are born, the storage and processing of spatial information. Scientists have not yet been able to fully understand how newly formed neurons affect the memories already formed, and how their interactions with mature neurons in this part of the brain occur.
Scientists note that nerve cellsare restored in those zones that are responsible for survival in the physical plane: orientation in space, smell, formation of motor memory. The formation of abstract thinking passes actively at a young age, during the growth of the brain. In this case, neurogenesis is associated with all zones. Upon reaching adulthood, the development of mental functions is carried out due to the restructuring between neurons of contacts, but not due to the formation of new cells.
It should be noted that scientists continue to search forpreviously unknown foci of neurogenesis, even despite several rather unsuccessful attempts. This direction is relevant not only in fundamental science, but also applied research.
