What is this and what is the danger of mitral valve prolapse?The disease is a defect in which the valves of the left atrioventricular valve bulge into the atrium in the systole phase. There are several diagnostic methods for detecting the pathology in question: auscultation, echocardiography, phonocardiography.
Percentage of children who show prolapsemitral valve (ICD-10 code - I34.1.), is approximately 2-16%. The age of children in which the disease manifests itself most often falls on puberty. The probability of occurrence of this pathology increases in those people who have other diseases of the cardiovascular system. In congenital heart disease, the frequency of concomitant damage to mitral valve prolapse is 37%, if there are hereditary heart diseases, then the incidence of the corresponding disease is from 60 to 100%. Rheumatism increases the likelihood of developing prolapse by 30-47%. Women 35-45 years old are most susceptible to this type of pathology. Treatment of mitral valve prolapse is discussed further in the article.
PMC is a secondary disease. In fact, it is a clinical-anatomical consequence of congenital or acquired cardiac pathologies.
Etiologically conditioned is the classification of PMC on:
Is a concomitant pathological feature of the following diseases:
Thus, in the above cases, mitral valve prolapse has an investigative nature due to damage to the structures of the valves, as well as functional myocardial disorder.
Prolapse entails a complication - mitral insufficiency.
As a leading factor in the development of mitral valve prolapse are functional disorders of the nervous system, metabolic disorders and a lack of magnesium in the body.
The mitral valve is a bicuspid formation that separates the cavity of the ventricle from the left atrium. The fastening of these valves to the papillary muscles occurs with the help of chords.
Compare the picture of the functioning of the cardiac system without pathology and with a defect in the form of mitral valve prolapse 2 degrees:
Mitral insufficiency reduces the contractile function of the myocardium. The consequence of this is a violation of the blood circulation process.
A complication of the primary form of mitral valve prolapse is pulmonary hypertension (70% of clinical cases), and systemic hemodynamics suffers from arterial hypotension.
Above, we noted the principle of separation of prolapse into primary and secondary.
There is also another reason to classify: the deflection, which is represented:
In sound form, emit:
The severity levels that are reflected on the ECG are also grounds for classification:
The formation of mitral valve prolapse relative to systole is another classification factor. The deflection can be early, late and holosystolic.
Mitral regurgitation, or rather, its degree, fixed by Doppler echocardiography, makes it possible to distinguish three of its degrees:
How does mitral valve prolapse 2 degree manifest itself?
Clinical manifestations of this pathology canvary significantly in severity, which depends on the degree of connective tissue dysplasia, regurgitant factor, and autonomic abnormalities.
There are often cases when symptoms are completely absent and pathology is diagnosed by chance during a planned ECG.
So, what are the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse most often?
In childhood, it is often detected along with the following diseases:
All of the above diseases indicateabout the pathology of connective tissue structures. In this group of patients, the incidence of SARS with a more complicated course of mitral valve prolapse in a child is much higher than in healthy children.
Very often, the pathology appears on the backgroundneurocirculatory-dystonic syndrome, the symptoms of which are: rapid heartbeat, sweating, fainting and dizziness, heart failure, migraine, etc. Significant hemodynamic disturbances cause shortness of breath and increased fatigue. Often it is accompanied by affective disorders in the form of depressive states and asthenic symptoms.
Secondary prolapse is manifested against the background of the underlying disease and is accompanied by its symptomatology.
The spectrum of effects of mitral valve prolapsevery wide, because the pathology covered "motor center" of the whole organism. Among the dangerous consequences are pathologically dangerous arrhythmias, infectious endocarditis, thromboembolic syndromes, and even sudden death.
The causes of mitral valve prolapse are not fully understood.
"Silent" form of prolapse does not detect any auscultatory signs.
This form allows you to capture isolated clicks and systolic sounds.
The phonocardiography reflects auscultatory factors.
To determine pathology more accurately and in detailallows ultrasound of the heart. It clearly shows the degree of flexure of the valves and the regurgitation degree. In the case of the extensive nature of the dysplastic changes in the connective tissue, the result of the ultrasound will be signaled by dilatation of the aorta, dilatation of the pulmonary artery stem, prolapse of the tricuspid valve and an open oval window.
X-ray examination shows either the normal size of the heart, or reduced.
На ЭКГ и результатах суточного мониторирования ECG is a manifestation of persistent or transient disturbances of the repolarization properties of the ventricular myocardium, sinus tachycardia, extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, WRW syndrome, atrial fibrillation are also seen.
There is a place to be mitral regurgitation secondor a third degree, accompanied by cardiac rhythm disturbances and signs of heart failure, an electrophysiological examination of the heart may be indicated.
It is necessary to differentiate PMK from congenital or acquired heart disease, interatrial aneurysms, myocarditis, bacterial endocarditis, and cardiomyopathy.
According to the Schedule of Diseases, with prolapsemitral valve taken into the army, if the disease is accompanied by heart failure FC I. In this case, the pathology does not pose a danger to the health of the draftee. A sick young man will be able to do physical training on a par with healthy colleagues. Heart prolapse and the army are compatible in those cases if the disease is asymptomatic, does not cause discomfort and does not require inpatient treatment.
Summoning young men diagnosed with mitral prolapseValve 2 degrees "in the army carried on category" B-4 ". Such recruits can be sent to communications, radio and other military units.
The situation is different if the mitral is increased.regurgitation. Mitral prolapse in the army in this case can lead to new complications: mitral insufficiency, arrhythmia, or infective endocarditis. Exemption from the call also relies young people who have the disease is accompanied by a violation of the rhythm of the heart, conduction or heart failure FC II.
The most pronounced stage 3 disease.An increase in the deflection of the valve walls leads to a significant outflow of blood. Against the background of an increase in regurgitation, significant malfunctions of the circulatory system develop. As a result of this, cerebral circulation and heart rate are disturbed, and heart failure appears. In the presence of serious complications, the army and prolapse are not compatible.
To get a category "B" a young man mustconfirm the diagnosis and its compliance with the conditions of the Schedule of Diseases on an additional examination. This can be done using an electrocardiogram, echocardiographic method of research, veloergometry and test 6-minute walk.
Therapeutic approach to the treatment of this typethe disease takes into account the severity of vegetative and cardiovascular clinical symptoms, and also it is important to take into account the characteristics of the dynamics of the underlying pathology. Many people are interested in what treatment of mitral valve prolapse is required.
The first and unfairly ignored itemThe treatment method includes the compulsory normalization of the patient's lifestyle, it is necessary to adjust both the work and rest regimen, the sleep mode, and the exercise regime in favor of a healthy lifestyle.
Drug treatment of prolapsemitral valves are aimed at eliminating neurovegetative symptoms, preventing dystrophic changes in the myocardium, as well as preventing the development of an infectious form of endocarditis.
Patients who have pronounced symptoms of this disease need to be prescribed:
If minor surgeries are planned for mitral valve prolapse, such as tooth extraction or tonsillectomy, prophylactic antibiotics are recommended.
If mitral regurgitation becomes hemodynamically significant in nature and progression of heart failure is observed, then mitral valve replacement is recommended.
In the case of an asymptomatic course, the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse has a rather favorable prognosis. In this case, outpatient observation with an ECG every 2-3 years is recommended.
The prognosis of the dynamics of secondary mitral valve prolapse is determined by the factors of the course of the disease, the primary source.
In other cases, the symptom complex of the course of the disease is taken into account, followed by the definition of therapeutic tactics.
What is this and how dangerous mitral valve prolapse is, we now know.
