Anaerobic bacteria can develop inconditions of lack of free oxygen in the environment. Together with other microorganisms with similar unique properties, they form a class of anaerobes. There are two types of anaerobes. Both facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria can be found in almost all samples of a material with a pathological property, they accompany various inflammatory diseases, can be opportunistic, and sometimes even pathogenic.
Anaerobic microorganisms related tooptional, exist and multiply in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments. The most pronounced representatives of this class are E. coli, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Yersinia, Streptococcus and other bacteria.
Obligate microorganisms can not exist inthe presence of free oxygen and die from its effects. The first group of anaerobes of this class is represented by spore-forming bacteria, or clostridia, and the second is bacteria that do not form spores (non-clostridial anaerobes). Clostridia are often the causative agents of anaerobic infections of the same name. An example would be clostridial wound infection, botulism, tetanus. Non-clostridial anaerobes are gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They have a rod-shaped or spherical shape, you probably found in the literature the names of their prominent representatives: bacteroids, veillonellas, fusobacteria, peptococci, propionibacteria, peptostreptokokki, eubacteria, etc.
Neklostridialnye bacteria in the bulkare representatives of normal microflora in humans and animals. They can also participate in the development of inflammatory processes. These include: peritonitis, pneumonia, abscess of the lungs and brain, empyema, sepsis, phlegmon of the maxillofacial area, otitis, etc. For the majority of infections that cause anaerobic bacteria of non-clostridial type, it is typical to show endogenous properties. They develop mainly against the background of a decrease in the body’s resistance, which may arise as a result of trauma, cooling, surgery, and impaired immunity.
To explain how to maintain the vital activity of anaerobes, it is worth understanding the basic mechanisms by which aerobic and anaerobic respiration takes place.
Aerobic respiration is an oxidativeoxygen-based process. Breathing leads to the splitting of the substrate without a residue, the result is the inorganics that are split to energy-poor. The result is a powerful energy output. Carbohydrates act as the most important substrates for respiration, but proteins and fats can be consumed during aerobic respiration.
It corresponds to two stages of flow.At the first stage, an anoxic process of gradual cleavage of the substrate occurs to release hydrogen atoms and bind with coenzymes. The second, oxygen stage, is accompanied by further cleavage of hydrogen atoms from the substrate for respiration and its gradual oxidation.
Анаэробное дыхание используют анаэробные бактерии.They use for oxidizing the respiratory substrate not molecular oxygen, but a whole list of oxidized compounds. They can be salts of sulfuric, nitric, carbonic acids. During anaerobic respiration, they are converted into reconstituted compounds.
Anaerobic bacteria carrying out such breathingas the final electron acceptor, not oxygen, but inorganic substances are used. According to their belonging to a certain class, there are several types of anaerobic respiration: nitrate respiration and nitrification, sulfate and sulfuric respiration, “iron” respiration, carbonate respiration, fumarate respiration.
