Insulin is a universal hormone that regulates alltypes of metabolism. Under its action is the assimilation of carbohydrates, the synthesis of proteins and lipids is enhanced. This hormone is produced in the pancreas. Insulin in the human body is inversely related to the amount of glucose in the blood: if a lot of the hormone - little glucose, and vice versa. With a deficiency in the body of this substance develops a serious disease of diabetes. With this disease, the hormone is used as a substitution therapy, that is, the administration of the drugs maintains insulin in the blood within the necessary norm. Insulin therapy is mandatory for the treatment of type I diabetes, which is also called insulin-dependent. Administration of the drug is also indicated in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and lactation, ketoacidosis and diabetic coma, surgical interventions and infectious diseases, with secondary resistance to sulfanilamides and angiopathies of high degrees. If the patient is prescribed insulin, the rate of administration is selected individually. It is determined by the level of initial glycemia and sensitivity to the drug, as well as features of nutrition and physical activity. When selecting the necessary dose, the duration of the disease, the level of glycemia, and the previous experience of hormonal treatment should be taken into account. In the first year of the disease, insulin is prescribed, the dose norm of which is usually not more than 0.5 U / kg / day. Further, the need for this substance gradually increases. There is a traditional and intensive scheme of insulin therapy. In the traditional treatment regimen 70% of the usual daily dose of the drug is administered in the morning, the remaining 30% in the evening. Basic principles of insulin therapy:
- In the main, long-acting insulin is prescribed;
- Short-acting insulins are used in small doses;
- intake of food is corrected by peaks of insulin action;
- the number of meals to 5-6 times during the day;
- The daily dose is administered mainly in two injections.
Basic principles of intensive insulin therapy:
- more often use insulin, acting for a short time;
- the number of injections of hormonal drugs per day at least 3-4;
- insulin, which lasts for a long time, is used in small doses as a basic introduction;
- injections are adjusted for meals, and not vice versa.
In recent years, thereceived intensive insulin therapy with the use of syringes-pens. The introduction of a hormonal drug using a syringe pen is simple and safe. Injections are made with removable disposable needles that have a thin cutting blade, thanks to which the introduction of insulin is virtually painless. In syringes-pens a special mechanism is used, thanks to which insulin is introduced, the norm of which is automatically dosed. According to the method of manufacture, there are preparations obtained from the pancreas of large cattle or pigs by the method of purification and human insulin synthesized by genetic engineering. By the duration of the action, drugs of short action, medium and prolonged action are distinguished. Usually, they are injected subcutaneously into the area of the anterior or external surface of the thigh, the outer surface of the shoulder. The most effective introduction to the abdomen, as the drug is adsorbed in the portal vein system, quickly reaches the liver, where it manifests its hypoglycemic effect. Whichever insulin is prescribed, the rate of its administration must exactly correspond to the prescribed dose. Abnormality is often complicated by severe diabetic or hypoglycemic coma.
