Incidence is what is it? Morbidity structure, statistics

The concepts of disease and disease are very close.meaning, but the latter term has a broader interpretation. A disease is any deviation from the physiological norm. In turn, the incidence is a whole set of indicators of the quality and structure of diseases, reflecting the level and frequency of the spread of pathologies. These indicators reflect the situation in the whole country, in a particular region, a specific age or social group.

Incidence rates reflect economicand social processes occurring within any country. If they rise, then it can be concluded that there is a shortage of medical institutions or qualified specialists in the state. As a result, the mortality rate, which reflects not only social problems, but also medical, biological and demographic, is of great importance.

At the same time, statistics onincidence rates allow an analysis of the performance of medical institutions, both in general and individually in a particular region. It becomes possible to plan the scope of the necessary preventive measures and determine the circle of persons who are subject to mandatory dispensary examination.

Disease classification

Во всем мире принята единая диагностика и registration of known nosological forms, which is conventionally divided into 21 classes and 5 groups. The ICD (International Classification of Diseases) reflects the current stage of development of all medicine. Following the example of ICD structuring, classifiers of diseases have been created in certain branches of medicine. The classifier is reviewed every 10 years in order to bring it in line with the data obtained during this period and achievements in medical science.

Types of morbidity in contacting medical institutions

Analysis of the incidence is carried out according to the following indicators:

1. Actually, the incidence, for the first timeregistered in the current year cases of detection of a certain pathology. Calculations are carried out by comparing the first-time diseases to the average population.
2. Prevalence or soreness.The primary cases of detection of the disease in the current year and repeated. Calculated by the ratio between all cases of detection of a particular class of disease, to the number of population for 1 calendar year.
3. Pathological affection, that is, disorders and diseases that were identified during medical examinations.
4. True incidence. The indicator includes information on the number of visits to the doctor, diseases detected during medical examinations, and data on causes of death.

Types of morbidity by population contingent

Information on contingents is classified by occupational, morbidity with temporary disability, by pregnant women and women in childbirth, and other categories.

Occupational morbidity

This is the number of persons who have received an occupational disease or poisoning, relative to the number of healthy workers. The main reasons for the emergence of occupational diseases include:

• the impact of harmful factors on humans;
• accidents;
• violation of the technological and production process;
• equipment malfunction;
• lack of sanitary facilities;
• non-use or lack of personal protective equipment at work.

Today in our country thisthe indicator is negligible. However, even isolated cases are socially significant, as they reflect the presence of unfavorable working conditions, which require urgent preventive measures in the workplace. For example, in relation to 70 years of the last century, occupational morbidity decreased by 50%. Today, of all identified cases, 2/3 belong to chronic pathologies.

Incidence with temporary disability

In this case, the incidence is the actual record of the occurrence of diseases in a working contingent. It doesn’t matter if the ability to work is lost due to injury or other problems.

For this morbidity analysis, the following indicators are taken into account:

• cases of disability for a certain number of people per year;
• the number of days of temporary disability for 12 months;
• average duration of 1 case;
• morbidity structure, that is, the number of cases of treatment for one type of disease.

Morbidity pregnant and rozhenets

Sad to admit but morbidity statistics for pregnant women withevery year it only worsens, being the most urgent problem for all countries of the world. This indicator reflects not only the health of women, but also the offspring that will remain after it.

Some statistics (figures in%, in relation to the number of women who have already given birth, data for the whole of the Russian Federation):

• The risk of abortion decreased slightly in 2016 - an indicator of 18.2, in 2015 this figure was 19.0;
• venous complications in 2016 amounted to 5.5%, and in 2005 the figure was 3.9%;
• women with diabetes in 2016 - 3.14%, and in 2005 - 0.16%.

For individual diseases, it is already possible to clearly understand in which direction preventive measures should be directed at each medical institution in the country.

Incidence of children of preschool and school age

As in the case of pregnant women andwomen in labor, the situation with the health of children and adolescents in the country is only getting worse. So, as of the beginning of the current year, 32.8 cases of viral hepatitis were detected per 100 thousand children aged 0-14 years, and intestinal infections in 1625 children. Neoplasms were diagnosed in 986 children in 2016, and in 2015 only 953 were diagnosed.

Also, data can be analyzed on the incidence of soldiers, specialists of different professions, according to other indicators.

Types of morbidity by age

The incidence of the population is analyzed by age:

• newborns;
• children of school and pre-school age;
• incidence in adolescents;
• in the adult population;
• population older than working age.

Statistics of childhood morbidity from 0 to 14 years old (the diagnosis is made for the first time)

Incidence statistics throughout the Russian Federation: children from 15 to 17 years old

Data for the whole of the Russian Federation on the incidence of the population aged 55 years and older - women, men over 60 years old:

It should be noted that the incidence of cancerRigorously growing in almost the entire population. Only in relation to 2015, last year this indicator slightly decreased in newborns and children up to 14 years.

Do not forget that there is still a category of personswho never go to doctors. According to the company Profi Online Research, which conducted independent research, found that about 9% of respondents never go to medical institutions for help, and deal with all illnesses on their own.

Nevertheless, in terms of overall morbidity in the country, the numbers are not that scary. For some diseases, there is a slight, but still a decrease in the number of patients.

Classification by groups and nosological forms

Accounting for total morbidity is carried out according to two standard documents:

1. The coupon of an outpatient patient, in the form number 025-10 / y, which is issued to each patient who applied to the clinic.
2. Statistical card retired from the hospital. The card has a standardized form - № 066 / y. The unit of observation is each case of hospitalization in any medical institution.

The first document allows you to register the patient and the reason for treatment in the outpatient clinic, and the second in the hospital.

It is according to these documents that the classification is made into groups or nosological forms. The following classes are also distinguished.

Infectious morbidity. Infectious morbidity ratesdirections allow you to quickly respond to outbreaks in a particular region. Registration of infectious patients is carried out regardless of the place of infection, the nationality of the person who applied.

The incidence of infectious diseases in Russia, for the period from January to August 2016 and 2017, with indicators of growth or decrease:

Incidence for socially significant and dangerous diseases:

• venereal diseases;
• malignant neoplasms;
• trachoma;
• tuberculosis;
• mycoses and a number of other ailments.

In this case, the unit for studying non-epidemic morbidity is every person who has applied to the hospital, where he was first diagnosed.

Statistical data of morbidity of the population by sex: the first diagnosis of "active tuberculosis" for 2016, compared with 2015

According to the nosological form, cancer is isolated in a separate category, the number of which is only increasing.

The incidence of the stages of development of the tumor process and regions (as a percentage of the number of detected cases):

Statistics are also conducted on the level of injury, the number of mental diseases and gender.

Methods of studying and analyzing the incidence of the population

There are two main methods of studying the incidence:

1. Solid. The technique is used to obtain operational data.
2. Selective. The main goal is to identify the relationship between morbidity and environmental factors.

A striking example is the study of incidence in a particular region of a country or in a separate social group.

By increasing the incidence of HIV infection, the RussianThe Federation is in 3rd place after Nigeria and the Republic of South Africa in 2016. At the same time, it cannot be said that all countries of the world can provide relevant data, for example, in Moldova and Ukraine, Tajikistan or Uzbekistan, there is not enough money allocated for screening the entire population.

If we compare the world data of 2016 compared to 2010, then there is a tendency to a decrease in the incidence in a number of countries:

If we talk about the Russian Federation, the structure of the incidence is as follows:

In general, the incidence is the most important indicatorto determine the overall health of the entire population of a particular region and the whole country. Statistical data allow timely to send preventive measures in the "right direction" and do everything to avoid an epidemic. It not only helps to establish the percentage of a particular type of disease among the population, but also to organize measures to combat it.

Показатель заболеваемости используется наряду с fertility and mortality rates, allowing you to predict life expectancy and the possible percentage of the population that will retire on disability. For in-depth study and the ability to analyze the level and structure of the incidence at the state level, a compulsory record of the incidence of patients has been introduced, which is carried out in hospitals and dispensaries.