The age of four to five years is an average.preschool period. It is a very important stage in the life of a child. This is a period of intensive development and growth of the child's body. At this stage, the nature of the child changes significantly, cognitive and communication skills are being actively improved. There are specific age characteristics of children 4–5 years old according to GEF, which parents simply need to know in order for the development and upbringing of a preschooler to be harmonious. And this means that the baby will always find a common language with his peers as he grows older.
В среднем дошкольном возрасте физические the child’s abilities are greatly increased: coordination is improved, movements are becoming more and more confident. At the same time there is a constant need for movement Actively develops motility, in general, the average preschooler becomes more agile and faster than the younger ones. It should be noted that the age characteristics of children 4–5 years old are such that the physical load must be dosed so that it is not excessive. This is due to the fact that the muscles in this period grow, though quickly, but unevenly, so the child quickly gets tired. Therefore, kids need to be given time to rest.
В возрасте 4–5 лет быстро развиваются различные mental processes: memory, attention, perception and others. An important feature is that they become more conscious, arbitrary: develop willpower, which in future will be useful.
The type of thinking that characterizes a child now,is visual-shaped. This means that, basically, the actions of children are practical, experienced. For them, visibility is very important. However, as they grow up, thinking becomes generalized and gradually turns into a verbal-logical by the older preschool age. Significantly increases the amount of memory: he is already able to remember a small poem or commission of an adult. Arbitrariness and sustainability of attention increase: preschoolers can concentrate on a particular activity for a short time (15–20 minutes).
Given the above-mentioned age characteristics of children 4–5 years old, pre-school teachers can create the conditions for productive work and harmonious development of the child.
Gaming activity still remainsmain for the baby, but it is significantly more complicated compared to early age. The number of children participating in communication is increasing. Appear themed role-playing games. The age characteristics of children 4–5 years old are such that they are more likely to communicate with their peers of their gender. Girls love family and household themes more (daughters-mothers, shop). Boys prefer to play sailors, military, knights. At this stage, children begin to organize the first competition, striving to achieve success.
Middle preschoolers are happy to mastervarious types of creative activity. The child likes to engage in plot modeling, application. One of the main becomes visual activity. The age characteristics of children 4–5 years old according to GEF suggest that at this stage the preschooler already masters fine motor skills, which allows drawing in detail and paying more attention to details. Drawing becomes one of the means of creative expression.
The average preschooler can write a smalla fairy tale or song, understands what rhymes are and uses them. Bright imagination and rich imagination allow you to create whole universes in your head or on a blank sheet of paper, where the child can choose any role for himself.
During the preschool period occursactive development of speech abilities. Significantly improved sound pronunciation, vocabulary is actively growing, reaching approximately two thousand words and more. Speech age characteristics of children 4–5 years old make it possible to more clearly express their thoughts and fully communicate with their peers.
The child is already able to characterize this or thatanother object, describe your emotions, retell a small artistic text, answer adult questions. At this stage of development, children master the grammatical structure of the language: they understand and correctly use prepositions, learn to build complex sentences, and so on. A coherent speech develops.
On average preschool age primarycontact with peers is important. If earlier the child had enough toys and communication with parents, now it needs interaction with other children. There is a heightened need for recognition and respect from peers. Communication, as a rule, is closely related to other activities (play, joint work). The first friends appear with whom the child communicates most readily.
Significant development occurs at this age.spheres of emotions. This is the time of the first sympathies and affections, deeper and meaningful feelings. A child can understand the state of mind of a close adult, learns to empathize.
Children are very emotional about both praise and comments, they become very sensitive and vulnerable. By the age of 5, children are beginning to be interested in issues of gender and their gender.
Psychology knows many ways to deal with suchfears, but it is important to remember that these are only temporary difficulties that will themselves go away with time if the parents do not focus attention on them or use against the child for educational purposes.
Pre-school staff in trainingtake into account the psychological and age characteristics of children 4–5 years old. According to the program “From Birth to School”, which is currently used, the emphasis is on the formation and comprehensive development of the personality.
At the same time with children themedclasses, which explain the rules of behavior in the team, at home and in public places, the basics of safety, develop speech, improve hygiene skills, and so on. In this case, the learning process is based on the game. Thus, teachers introduce the child with new concepts and rules through an accessible and attractive type of activity, taking into account the age characteristics of children 4–5 years old. According to the SDA, for example, game lessons can be conducted, where the rules of the road are given in a poetic form, easy to understand and remember. Also at this age it is necessary to broaden the horizons of the child and his knowledge about the world.
Говоря о воспитании детей этого возраста, нужно remember that at this stage the character changes significantly. The crisis of three years safely passes, and the child becomes much more obedient and docile than before. It is at this time that children need full communication with their parents. Strictly speaking, this is the basis of education. The main function of adults now is to explain in as much detail as possible and show by example. The child absorbs everything like a sponge, with the curiosity of the discoverer is drawn to the new knowledge. Parents should carefully listen to numerous questions and answer them, because in the family, children derive their first knowledge about the world and their place in it.
It is now necessary to lay moralqualities, to develop in the child kindness, politeness, responsiveness, responsibility, love of work. At this stage, the child's first friends appear, so it is very important to learn to communicate with peers: to give in, defend their interests, share.
It is worth noting that the best success in raisingcan be achieved in the case of close and trusting cooperation between the family and the preschool institution, as the kindergarten staff takes into account the age characteristics of children 4–5 years old Advice for parents is one of the ways of such interaction. Adult family members should have at least minimal training in the field of psychology in order to better understand their child. Another way to characterize the age characteristics of children 4–5 years old is the parent meeting. On it, educators and a child psychologist together with adult family members can outline the basic principles of education and discuss all issues of interest and controversy.
According to practicing child psychologists, the familyplays a crucial role in the development of the child's personality. The relationship between parents is the first thing that sees the younger child, this is the standard that he believes is the only true one. Therefore, it is very important that the child has a decent example in the face of adults.
Parents should remember that it is in preschoolages such character traits as kindness, justice, truthfulness develop, life values and ideals are laid down. Therefore, it is important to take into account the age characteristics of children 4–5 years old. Assistance in the education of individual character traits should also be carried out in accordance with the gender of the preschooler and the roles of adults in the family. So, the mother teaches the child to find a common language, to seek a compromise, caress, care and love emanate from it. The father is the personification of order, protection, is the first teacher of life, which helps to be strong and purposeful. Relationships within the family are the most important factor influencing the upbringing of the child and his entire subsequent life.
