Folk art is original, multi-faceted andits nature is closely connected with the musical principle. Hence the incredible variety and variety of forms in which the genres of musical folklore are expressed.
Folklore is called folk art. This music, poetry, theater, dance, which were created by the people and closely associated with traditions, religious beliefs, rituals, customs and history.
The very word "folklore" has English roots andis translated as "people's wisdom". By its nature, folklore is diverse and includes tales, legends, legends, myths, proverbs, sayings, conspiracies, signs, various ways of guessing, all sorts of rituals, dances and much more. Surprisingly enough, rhymes, counters and anecdotes are also included in folklore. And the genres of musical folklore are only one part of folk art.
We have already mentioned several times (in connection withconcept of folklore) the word "genre", but what is meant by it? Genre is a kind of work, characterized by certain features of form and content. Each genre has its own purpose, mode of existence (for example, oral or written) and performance (singing, recitation, theatrical production, etc.). Examples include the following genres: a symphony, a song, a ballad, a story, a story, a novel, etc.
Before analyzing the genres of musical folklore, it is necessary to understand what is related to musical folk art.
Musical folklore is such creativitypeople, which is expressed in a vocal, instrumental or vocal-instrumental form. Usually exists only orally and is transferred from one artist to another. To its long preservation in the people, folklore is due to gifted and talented performers, who are called differently from different peoples: guslar, minstrel, ashigi, spielman, kobzar, etc.
So, what are the genres of musical folklore?To begin with, let's say that all genres of folklore associated with music can be divided into three main literary genres: an epic (a description of some events related to the story), a drama (the action takes the main place) and lyrics (the narrative is based on feelings ).
Also genres of folklore are divided according to the type of performance: solo (single voice), ensemble, choral and orchestral.
It is impossible to list all existing genresmusical folklore, since their diversity is too great. This is due to the fact that the emergence of a new type of dance, song or story is already considered a separate genre, for example, a lullaby, a round dance, a ditty, a vesnyanka, epic, carol, etc.
The main reason for such a diversity of peoplemusic is considered to be a direct link to people's lives. All the labor, religious and family life of the people is accompanied by their songs, dances and music. Therefore, the question "what genres of musical folklore exist" does not have a definitive answer. Life develops, and art develops. The brightest example of this connection is the emergence of the proletarian genre of the working song.
Before that, we considered folklore in general, nowlet's talk about Russian musical art. The song dominates here, but because of its great diversity is divided into several species, each of which is independently included in the genres of musical folklore. List of types of Russian songs is quite impressive, but conditionally it can be divided into thematic focus.
Calendar-ritual folklore is one of thethe most ancient genres. And this is due to the fact that people's lives have always been associated with nature, so it had to be appeased. So many fertility holidays have appeared. At these festivals, rituals were performed, accompanied by dances and songs. The main idea of such rituals is to improve the welfare of the peasants.
Genres of Russian folk music include andsongs performed during divination. Most often they wondered exactly at the Christmas Eve, which began on December 25 and ended on January 6. Songs that sounded these days, called the camels and performed by lot. It was believed that their text metaphorically predicts the future. Here is a fragment of one of these songs:
"How is the peasant from Novagorod going,
That man has a beard;
He is neither a rogue, nor a thief, behind an ax;
And to whom he comes, his head will tear.
Whoever comes out will do so;
And who will come true, will not fail. Glory!"
What are the genres of musical folklore,Related to this type yet? Also, the calendar-ritual songs include songs that sound at weddings, funerals, christenings, during childbirth. Here it is possible to name recruit songs which were executed, when men were escorted to the war.
The most interesting are the wedding rituals andrelated songs. They are divided into three stages, which can last from a few weeks to months. The wedding ceremony starts with matchmaking (the matchmakers come to the bride's parents and ask her for their hands), then a conspiracy (the final agreement of the parents of the young people for the rite) and ends all directly by the wedding. All these stages were accompanied by songs reflecting this or that event and explaining the action of rituals.
So, what are the genres of musical folklore,except for those named? As it was said above, the whole life of the people, including the labor one, was reflected in folklore. Often such songs served to preserve a certain working rhythm, synchronization of actions. An example is the well-known "Dubinushka", which was performed by barge haulers during the work: "Eh-mah, brat-attsy, dyuzhe hot! And-eh! We do not feel sorry for anyone! Oh, oh, sweetie, U-uhnem! "
As for the workers, these songs are a continuation of the tradition of labor folklore, but their formation and development are indebted to the Russian proletariat.
Genres of Russian folkloreare connected with the history of the country and the life of its people. Therefore, when the first mining plants appeared in the Urals in the 18th century, the first labor songs began to appear. Basically, they worked as convicts, so their folklore is largely prison-convict and is dedicated to the lack of rights of the working people, lawlessness and injustice of the authorities, inhumanly hard work. However, gradually discontent grew to reproach the very state system. And by the end of the XIX century, revolutionary themes began to sound distinctly in them, and by the 20th century - the struggle against autocracy became the basis of proletarian songs.
However, working songs are gradually separated fromfolklore and become closer to the literature. There are several reasons for this phenomenon. First, the strong influence was exerted by those who entered into the popular life, author's revolutionary songs. Secondly, many proletarians began to receive education. And, thirdly, the workers more and more moved away from the village. All this strongly influenced the genre of the song.
Chastushka is a small rhyme song,consisting of 4-6 rows. Usually it is performed at a fast pace and describes one event from a person's life. Chastushki were popular both among the villagers and among the working class. The roots of this genre go back to the XVIII century, but the greatest popularity it reached in the XX century.
The theme of the ditties is a reflection of life itself, the most pressing and burning issues and bright events. The main thrust of these short songs is social, domestic or love.
All school general education programsare designed for children to learn genres of musical folklore. Class 5 begins to get acquainted with the genre diversity of folk art, however, students begin to study its samples in primary school.
The main emphasis in the secondary school link is onthe connection of literature and history, therefore, mainly study epic tunes. In addition, students are introduced to the main song genres. At the same time, the teacher talks about the parallels and connections between folk art and literature, about the main traditions and continuity.
Thus, genres of musical folklore,the list of which we tried to compile, are inextricably linked with the life of the people. Any change in the life of ordinary people or the whole country was immediately reflected in the songwriting. Therefore, it is impossible to list all genres of folklore, created throughout the entire existence of mankind. In addition, today's folk art continues its development, evolving, adapting to new conditions and living. And will live as long as there is humanity.
