The term "metonymy" comes from the Greekword meaning "rename". This is a path that is a transfer of a value by contiguity - occasional or regular - the name of a specific class of objects, or some individual of them for an object or another class associated with it by being involved in a particular situation or contiguity.
The basis of metonymy is spatial,conceptual, eventual, logical and syntagmatic relations between certain categories that relate to reality and its reflection in the consciousness of a person, fixed in specific meanings of words - between persons, objects, actions, phenomena, processes, events, social institutions, time, place and t .P.
You can transfer the name:
1) from the receptacle to the volume of the contents or to the content itself, for example: "glass" - "measure of loose and liquid masses", "vessel for drinking";
2) from the material to the products made from it: "copper" - "copper money" and "metal";
3) from a settlement, a place for an event related to it or a set of inhabitants inhabiting it: "The whole village laughed at it", "road" - "trip", "path laid for traffic", "travel time";
3) with a certain action on its result,the object involved in the action (tool, object, subject) or place: "stop" is both the place where the transport stops and a certain action, the "whistle" is an adaptation for whistling and the whistle itself;
5) from the form of expressing a certain content or its concrete, material embodiment to the content as a whole: "an interesting book" refers to the content, and the "thick book" refers to the subject;
6) transfer of meaning by contiguity from science, the branch of knowledge to its subject and vice versa: "grammar" is both the "language structure" and "the linguistic section";
7) from the event, the social event to its participants: "The conference will be held in June" and "the Conference agreed on an important decision";
8) from the institution, social organization to the premises, the totality of its employees: "factory strikes" and "repair factory";
9) from the part to the whole and vice versa: "pear" - "fruit" and "tree" (transfer of the name from the part to the whole is called synecdoche - this is a special case of metonymy);
10) from a certain emotional state to the cause that caused it: "horror" - "terrible event" and "fear";
11) the author's name can be used to designate the style, model or his works created by him: "publish, read Tolstoy," Bull - "furniture with some type of decor" and "name of the master."
Metonymy, reflecting the interaction of concepts,categories and / or objects becomes regular when it creates semantic models of word-formation types and multi-valued words, often combining different types of meanings: event, feature, subject (concrete and abstract). For example, action names are used regularly to refer to some resultant object ("composition", "work", "story", "decision", "construction").
If the metonymic transfer is regularis carried out within the word-formative type, its consequence may be the suffix polysemy, and not the basis (compare, for example, the value of such verbal suffixes as -enation). The association of certain objects by contiguity, and also by the logical closeness of concepts, turns into a connectedness of meanings. Metonymy of this kind serves certain purposes - nominative, and also promotes the development of lexical linguistic means.
This pathwaysyntagmatic transformations. The metonymy that arises regularly on the basis of a sentence or phrase, which is the result of the so-called elliptical contraction of the text, usually retains some degree of its limitation by the conditions of its use, without creating a contextually independent new meaning, for example: "There are two Van Goghs in the museum" (meaning "two paintings Van Gogh "), but it is impossible to say:" Van Gogh depicts a young woman ".
The most strong link to the context ismetonymy (examples in Russian, see below), in which the designation of a specific situation, based on a predicate, is reduced only to the component of the meaning of the object: "What's the matter?" - "Heart (head, teeth, throat)" - meaning " (head, teeth, throat). This use is limited to specific semantic and syntactic contexts. So, some portable meaning (examples - "heart", "head") can not be combined with procedural verbs and adjectives that determine the course of the disease and the nature of pain. We can not say "a strong (aching, sharp) heart" or "the heart is aggravated (exacerbated, intensified)". In this case, the transfer of the value by contiguity does not create a meaningful filling of the word that is independent of the context. It serves as a means of revealing the semantic variants of its use. The portable value, the examples of which were mentioned above, are closely related to the context.
Used metonymy (synecdoche most often) asreception of some situational nomination of the object according to its external individualizing details. Let us illustrate our thought. Take such sentences with metonymy, like "Hey, a beard!", "A hat reads a newspaper". A similar use is analogous to its derivatives, denoting belonging - a substantivized adjective and a noun, cf. "beard" and "bearded", "bearded." This kind of metonymy (examples in the Russian language - Little Red Riding Hood, Dwarf Nose, etc.) often serves as a means of creating nicknames, nicknames.
If a part called metonymy is typical forset of individuals, then it can take root in the language and as a designation of some social group, for example, the word "bast" can point to the peasants of Russia in the pre-revolutionary period. But such metonymy is devoid of denotative (semantic) stability. In different historical contexts, the name "beard" was used to refer to sages, peasants, boyars, elders, and a certain group of young people. Metonomy, examples in the Russian language which we just brought up, is very common.
The use of this trail (synecdoche, beforeall) primarily for the designation of the subject of speech unites it with the syntactic positions of the subject, treatment and additions. As a predicate, the situational transfer of a value by contiguity is uncommon, since it does not perform any characteristic function. If metonymy is used in a predicate, it is transformed into a metaphor, for example, "hat" is "sprawl", "galosh" is "a ruin, a decrepit person." The use of names in the meaning of partitivism in the predicate, usually serving the purposes of aspectizing the subject, is not considered in most cases as a transfer by contiguity. Let's illustrate our thought. Let's take an example: "He was a recalcitrant mind" - the characteristic refers to a specific aspect of the personality, more precisely, to its intellectual makeup.
Do not use synecdoche also in any beingproposals or their equivalents that introduce an object into the narrative world. For example, we can not begin the narrative with such words as: "There was a (one, some) red cap." This use is not perceived as a designation of a person, but as an embodiment of an object.
