In the modern world of computer technologythe processor occupies one of the main places. The central processor is a high-tech and very complex device that includes all the achievements that appear in the field of computer technology, as well as in the areas adjacent to it.
Simpler device processor looks like this:
The core is the core (one or more). They are responsible for performing all trusted instructions;
There are several levels of cache memory (usually two or three), due to which the processor-RAM interaction is accelerated;
Controller RAM;
The system bus controller (QPI, HT, DMI, etc.);
The processor control device is characterized by the following parameters:
Type of microarchitecture;
Clock frequency;
Levels of cache memory;
The amount of cache memory;
Type and speed of the system bus;
The size of the words being processed;
Built-in memory controller (it may not be);
Type of RAM supported;
The amount of address memory;
Наличие встроенного графического чипа (The integrated video card is not uncommon today and acts more like an addition to more powerful, discrete cards, although the device of the processor allows using rather powerful built-in solutions);
The amount of electricity consumed.
Processor and its characteristics
The core of the processor is literally its heart, which contains functional blocks that perform logical and arithmetic tasks. The kernels work as follows:
The sampling frame is checked for presenceinterrupts. Having found such interrupts, they are put on the stack. The command counter receives an address with the command of the interrupt handler. When the interrupt functions are completed, the data on the stack is restored. Next, the instruction instruction address is read from the sampling block. Hence, reading from the RAM or cache memory occurs, after which the data is sent to the decoding unit. Now, the received commands are deciphered, after which the data is transferred to the sampling frame. There, the data is read by the RAM or cache memory and transmitted to the scheduler, where it is determined which block the operation should take, after which the data arrives exactly there. The control unit of the instructions executes the received commands and sends the result to the block for saving the results.
Such a cycle is called a process, andconsecutively executed commands are a program. The speed with which one stage of the cycle goes to the other, corresponds to the clock frequency, and for the time allocated for the operation of the cycle stage, the device itself of the processor, or rather its core, is responsible.
There are a number of ways in which you canimprove processor performance. To do this, you need to raise the clock frequency, which has certain limitations. By increasing the clock frequency, you will certainly increase the power consumption and, as a consequence, the temperature, and this leads to a decrease in the overall stability of the processor unit.
In order to avoid the need forincreasing the clock frequency, the manufacturers decided to go the other way, coming up with a variety of architectural solutions. One such solution is pipelining, the essence of which is that each instruction executed by the processor goes to all blocks of the kernel, where some of the actions are performed. Thus, when only one instruction is executed, most of the blocks will be idle. Thus, all modern processors work like this: after performing one operation, they immediately proceed to another, reducing idle time to a minimum and increasing the efficiency by as much as possible. Of course, ideally, it looks like a processor device always works with 100% efficiency, but this does not happen because the commands are inconsistent.
