product life cycle

Successful production and marketing of goods depends onmany factors, starting with the cost of raw materials and ending with the quality of advertising. In order to promote the product on the market and get the maximum profit from this, it is necessary to know what the product life cycle is and how to manage it.

To begin with, I would like to determine what a product is. Economists characterize it as absolutely any thing participating in a kind of exchange for other things, including money.

The life cycle of an item is the length of timewhich the product passes a certain number of stages, from development, appearance in the market, to complete withdrawal from it. It is worth noting that in some cases, having entered the market, the goods are not sold, and they cease to be produced. In this situation, the life cycle of the goods is zero.

There are certain criteria by which they determine at what stage the product is at the moment:

• profit;
• turnover;
• price;
• costs;
• commodity stocks.

Based on the availability and magnitude of each indicator, four stages of the product life cycle are identified. In different sources they can have different names, but, in fact, they are no different.

1. Implementation.Buyers evaluate the quality of the new product, price, etc. As a rule, sales volumes are small and grow quite slowly. This period is characterized by some unprofitableness, since the costs exceed the profit.
2. Growth. Consumers actively buy goods. The profit starts to increase noticeably.
3. Maturity. The most stable period.The pace of the company's sales volume is slowing down. The product has won its place in the market and regular customers. The profit is, as a rule, stably high. During this period, the appearance of competitive goods is especially dangerous.
4. Recession. The profit and sales volumes decrease. Without any emergency measures (advertising, packaging changes, discounts, etc.), the goods will soon have to be removed from circulation.

The concept of the product life cycle is formed in1965, the famous economist from America, Theodore Levit. For the first time they clearly described the reasons why any product has to leave the market:

1. Thanks to the development of science, new trends of fashion, the product loses its relevance and a new, improved one comes to replace it.
2. The product life cycle is divided into several periods, each of which solves certain problems and problems.
3. Each stage is also characterized by a certain level of profit.
4. There are specific strategies in the field of production, finance, marketing, personnel management, characteristic for each particular stage of the product life cycle.

Often, the volume of sales depends not so much onquality of the goods, how many from competent and thought over marketing strategies. With their help, you can increase the product life cycle and get the desired profit.

At the first stage (implementation), the main task for any firm is to penetrate the market. Given the price level and promotion activity, you can use the following strategies:

1. Slow penetration - low price, promotion inactive.
2. Fast penetration - low price, active promotion.
3. Quick removal of cream - the price is high, the promotion is very active.
4. Slow cream removal - the price is high, the promotion is inactive.

At the second stage (growth), the firm strives to strengthen the position of the goods and, if possible, to conquer new territories. The following strategies will be effective:

1. New advertising.
2. Improvement of the quality of goods, modernization.
3. Release of related products, expansion of assortment, development of new models.

The third stage (maturity) involves obtaining the maximum profit. This period is characterized by the following:

1. Fighting against competitors.
2. Getting the maximum profit.
3. Increase in production volumes.
4. Increase in extra charges.

The fourth stage (recession) is final. A product can be abandoned if it is necessary to promote something new. The following strategies are possible:

1. Reducing investment or refusing to produce a loss-making product.
2. Increase investments to strengthen their positions in the existing market.
3. Refusal to produce the old goods, sale of fixed assets and profit.