Термин "ресурсообеспеченность" стал used in connection with the development of industrial production and the increasing needs of the population in energy, water and raw materials for its further processing and transformation into various material goods.
Ресурсообеспеченность – это количественное the relationship between the magnitude of natural resources and the size of their consumption. The concept of natural resources refers to those components of nature that are used or can be used to meet various human needs. The past twentieth century is characterized by an unprecedented increase in the world's population and world social production, and the achievements of modern scientific technologies are having an increasing impact on the environment. Since human needs for raw materials are constantly increasing, the task of rational and reasonable exploitation of all natural resources is becoming ever more urgent.
Natural resources can be classified according to various criteria. The most fundamental is the classification based on the genesis of resources, according to which they are divided into:
All natural resources are divided into inexhaustible andexhausted. The first are water and climatic resources. Exhaustible natural resources are reduced in the process of their use; most of the Earth’s resources fall into this group. Another important property of exhaustible resources is their renewability. On this basis, they are divided into:
Due to the limited reserves of inexhaustible resources, today more and more attention is being paid to the use of resource-saving technologies and the search for alternative energy sources.
Resource availability is usually expressedthe number of years for which consumers have been provided with a certain kind of resources. This indicator contains important information that allows you to plan the future use of certain natural resources. The assessment of the resource availability of recoverable resources, however, is expressed by the ratio between their reserves and the number per capita. Thus, their update is taken into account. Since literally all types of resources are raw material for various sectors of the economy, the concept of “resource availability” has also socio-economic significance.
Assessment of the country's resource availability is carried out in two ways. The first method uses the following formula:
Р - resource availability in years, 3 - the amount of reserves, D - the volume of production.
This method estimates the availability of resources on the basis of their annual consumption.
In the second method, the calculation is carried out according to the formula:
Р - resource availability in years, 3 - quantity of stocks, N - population of the country.
It is used to estimate renewable resources.
The indicator of resource availability is calculated relative to a specific point in time and is subject to change.
Распределение природных ресурсов на Земле связано with tectonic features of the formation of continents. Their stocks affect the indicator of resource availability of a country or individual regions of the world. Resource availability is a factor that is of great importance for the development of a country's economy in a certain direction. Although there are no regions on Earth that are characterized by an absolute lack of resources. The presence of, say, energy resources is a much greater advantage than security, for example, with sand. This, however, does not mean that a country poor in natural resources is also doomed to poverty. An example would be Japan, which has limited resources, but is one of the most developed countries due to the availability of capital, the working capacity of the population and the introduction of modern technologies.
Natural wealth on Earth is distributed very unevenly, not only in relation to the continents, but also to individual countries. Depending on their resource endowment, countries are divided into:
From the above classification is clearly visiblepattern between the area of a certain state and the amount of wealth it has. The resource availability of the regions of the world and individual countries depends, however, not only on the quantity of reserves, but also on the scale of exploration, development and extraction of resources. So, Saudi Arabia holds a palm in terms of oil production, but in terms of resource availability of this raw material, Iraq ranks first. In connection with the war in the Persian Gulf in the 1990s and the subsequent occupation of Kuwait by Iraq, international sanctions were imposed on the country, and now Iraq does not have a quota for oil production.
The total number of natural resources thatcan be used in the economy of the country, called the natural resource potential. Aggregate potential is the sum of the potentials of individual types of resources.
Russia's natural resources differsignificant reserves and diversity, but uneven distribution in the country. It should be noted the insufficient knowledge of certain types of resources located in sparsely populated areas with adverse climatic conditions. For well developed and developed areas, the depletion of existing reserves is typical.
Resource availability is the ratio betweenreserves of resources and the volume of their production. The basis of Russia's industrial potential is its resource endowment. The country is ranked among the countries that occupy leading positions in the field of mineral exploration and development. But how developed is the resource supply of Russia? The country is characterized by the production and consumption of all major primary energy resources (coal, natural gas and oil). The largest share of reserves comes from coal, the second place is occupied by natural gas, and the lowest is oil reserves. This relationship also applies to the situation around the world, and in the long term, as stocks are depleted, it is necessary to look for options for replacing these resources with alternative species.
The second most important place after the energyoccupy metals and ore minerals. Russia has the richest reserves of iron ore in the world, as well as significant amounts of copper, nickel, titanium ores, tin, tungsten and other metals. Important for the country's economy are deposits of precious metals and diamonds. In terms of production, Russia is ranked second after South Africa. The country is also a leader in the amount of timber and land reserves. Based on the above, several conclusions are suggested:
The total size of potential reserves, their diversity and nature of placement are suitable for the development of all sectors of the economy and the integrated development of the economy in individual economic regions.
The territory of the country is characterized by diversitynatural conditions and types of resources. As an advantage, it should be noted excellent agro-climatic conditions - the United States has vast forest resources, large chernozem regions and a mild climate. The United States, like Russia, is among the leaders in its reserves of mineral fuels - about 25% of the world's coal deposits are located in the country, and the country is in the top ten countries in terms of oil and gas reserves. Other types of resources that the United States possesses in significant quantities are iron ore, nonferrous and noble metal ores, uranium, and phosphate rock. The country is sufficiently provided with water resources, but they are unevenly distributed over its territory. Despite the diversity of natural resources, both countries are forced to import some types of minerals due to lack of them or insufficient quantities.
