During the Cold War, the designers of the USSR and the USAthe beginning of work on the creation of submarines containing high-speed missile torpedoes and cruise missiles. The heightened relations between the USSR and the USA caused the appearance of missile cruisers equipped with anti-ship missiles and supersonic bomber in the Soviet armed forces. In 1983, in service with the USSR Navy, the P-700 supersonic Granit missile was adopted. Since 1969, the beginning of its creation, and to this day the complex has been improved and more than one state test has passed.
Rocket P-700 "Granit" was developed in the NGOmechanical engineering under the leadership of chief designer V. N. Chelomey. In 1984 he was replaced by Herbert Efremov. For the first time, the P-700 cruise missile of the Granit complex was presented to the state test in 1979.
On-board autonomous selective system,Scientists and designers of the Central Research Institute “Granit” gathered scientists who control the cruise supersonic rocket. Director General V. V. Pavlov was appointed in charge of the work of this section.
Testing was performed using onshorestands, submarine and cruiser “Kirov”. Since 1983, all design work was completed, and the Navy of the USSR received the P-700 Granit complex at its disposal. The photo below presents the design features of an anti-ship missile.
During the work on the creation of the P-700 supersonic cruise missile, the principle of the mutual coordination of three elements was used:
As a result, the creation of these elements of a singleThe complex provided the ability of the Soviet Navy to cope with the most difficult tasks of naval battles: to destroy powerful naval and aircraft carrier groups.
According to the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU, after a successful flight design test, which took place in November 1975, the “Granit” complex was armed with:
The type of carrier is influenced by the dimensions of the rocket.Over time, P-700 missiles need to be replaced by more versatile and compact anti-ship missiles with a smaller radius of action. The need for replacement is also due to their technical obsolescence.
To counter the real carrier-based threat toOn the side of the US Air Force, Russian designers found an asymmetrical and economical solution. The calculations showed that the completion of each Russian submarine cruiser with the Granit complex costs the country much cheaper than the United States has its aircraft carriers. After the upgrading of the missile systems and their carriers, the Granit anti-ship missiles, provided they are improved and maintained in combat readiness, can produce high levels until 2020.
The P-700 rocket of the Granit complex is a productcigar-shaped, the front of which contains an annular air intake and a folding cruciform tail. The central part of the fuselage is equipped with a short wing with a high sweep. After the launch of the rocket wing unfolds. The rocket is adapted for sea and air space. Depending on the operational and tactical situation, the anti-ship missile can use different flight paths. Complex "Granit" can carry out a salvo from the existing ammunition, as well as use the RCC one by one. In such cases, the principle applies: one released P-700 - one hit enemy ship.
Typical task complex "Granit" isdestruction of marine targets. According to military experts, shooting at coastal targets is problematic. This is explained by the fact that when aiming at earthly targets of the GOS (homing head), the RCC does not function. In such cases, the autonomous mode is intended for missiles, in which the homing heads are disabled. Instead, the function of pickup RCC performs inertial system. Winged P-700s have very high firing range at ground and coastal targets (higher than at sea). For the destruction of objects on land for PPK does not require a reduction to small heights. Despite this, such use of cruise missiles without an activated GOS is expensive: the Granit complex’s ammunition is vulnerable to enemy air defenses.
The movement of the cruise missile P-700 "Granit"comes with the help of a KR-21-300 turbojet engine located along the central axis. In the back of the rocket is a unit that contains four accelerators operating on solid fuel. For storage of the rocket, a special sealed transport and launch container is provided. Before the start of the anti-ship missile ship “Granit” P-700, the wings and the plumage are in the folded position. With the help of a domed fairing, the air intake is covered. In order for the P-700 “Granit” installation to be launched during the launch of the rocket, it was not damaged by the exhausts, it is filled before the launch with water taken overboard. This procedure is necessary in order to turn on the accelerator, which pushes a rocket out of the mine. Dome fairing reclines already in the air. In this case, the wings and the plumage, which before the start were in the folded state, are revealed. After combustion, the accelerator leans back, and the rocket uses a cruising engine for its flight.
Missiles "Granit" P-700 contain:
Today - by an international agreement - nuclear cruise missiles “Granit” P-700 are prohibited. For their equipment provided only conventional combat units.
Due to the large mass and high speed P-700it is difficult for enemy anti-aircraft missiles to hit them. According to some military experts, the P-700 warhead, which weighs 750 kg, is only effective for hitting an areal target. This is due to the fact that the cruise missiles are characterized by deviations at a distance of up to 200 meters, which makes it difficult to pinpoint a separate target.
For targeting missiles at the target applied activeradar head. The information channels that are used by a three-processor on-board computer (PCVM) make it possible to isolate a real target from a large number of interferences. During a group launch of missiles (salvo), the detection of the enemy becomes possible through the exchange of information, identification and distribution of the target according to various parameters between the homing missile heads.
Ability of rockets from a number of convoy,aircraft carriers or amphibious ships to identify the desired target and strike at it is possible due to the necessary data embedded in the on-board computer about all classes of modern ships. The work of the onboard computer is aimed at the enemy’s electronic means, which, by creating interference and other anti-aircraft tactics, are able to divert the launched cruise missiles away from the target. In modern P-700, there is a 3B47 Quartz station, which, using special devices, resets additional reflectors and false targets provided by the enemy. The presence of the onboard computer makes the P-700 rocket highly intelligent: the anti-ship missile defense is protected from enemy radar interference, sets up its own response and creates false targets for the attacked air defense. With a group start due to the onboard computer information exchange is possible.
For shooting at the target, the distance to whichexceeds 120 km, the P-700 rises to a height of 17 km. Most of the flight takes place at this level. At this altitude, the impact on the air resistance missile is reduced, which gives it an opportunity to save fuel. At a level of 17 km, the target detection radius is improved. Once the target is found, it is identified. Then released missiles are reduced to 25 meters. GOS turns off. This makes RCC invisible to enemy radar. The GOS is turned on right before the attack itself, when it is necessary to carry out an exact tip-off. The attack with missiles is organized in such a way that, first, the priority objectives are destroyed, and then the secondary ones. The distribution of information is carried out between the heads of the missiles before the attack itself. Due to this, a certain number of missiles are intended to hit each target. The presence of tactical methods programmed in each cruise missile enables them to defend themselves against the enemy’s defensive anti-aircraft weapons.
Атака выпущенной одной крылатой ракеты может быть sent to a separate ship. If a group launch is carried out, anti-ship missiles strike a whole complex of ships. The experience gained by the air-naval forces in using the P-700 has shown the high effectiveness of the missiles against the enemy’s coastal targets if they are operating in a group. In this case, the first missiles containing special charges, disable all means of enemy air defense. The carrier group that the attacked city or port has is no longer able to resist. The next stage of the attack is performed by other missiles that do not have special charges to blind the enemy. In the complex of missiles launched one of them can perform the function of a gunner. Mostly this RCC is used in running a quick fire. For it provides for the use of considerable height. When intercepting or destroying enemy radars, another supersonic cruise missile automatically assumes the pickup function.
16 октября 2016 года, выполняя учебно-боевые mission, the crew of the nuclear-powered submarine missile cruiser “Antey” launched the P-700 rocket of the Granit complex. The shooting site was the landfill on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.
According to some military experts, the launchP-700 was carried out with the aim of shooting out of obsolete or defective missiles with their subsequent replacement. At the same time, the regime of firing at ground targets was practiced. There is also another version of the exercises: in connection with the aggravated political situation in the world, this event sent a signal to NATO that Russia does not have outdated Soviet missile carriers, but modernized ones that can fire at a ground target at any moment.
