Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the brightest,paradoxical and charismatic philosophers of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that he was not recognized by his contemporaries and was detached from society, he had a great influence on the formation of modern principles and laws of thought. Wittgenstein became the forerunner of at least three intellectual philosophical trends - logical positivism, linguistic philosophy, and linguistic analysis.
Austria and the UK have had a big impact.on the life and philosophy of such a thinker as Ludwig Wittgenstein. A brief biography clearly indicates this. Born the future philosopher in Vienna in one of the most famous and wealthy families of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father was a famous engineer and magnate, and his mother was from an ancient Jewish family.
Like his father, Ludwig Wittgenstein began to studyengineering, in particular, was interested in the construction of lethal apparatus. Over time, this led him to the problem of the philosophical basis of mathematics. In addition, there were other things that Ludwig Wittgenstein was interested in. Biography indicates that he was fond of music, sculpture, architecture, literature and art. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Wittgenstein left for Cambridge, where he became a student, and later an assistant and a friend, of the famous philosopher Bertrand Russell.
Во время Первой мировой войны Витгенштейн volunteered for the front, where he was captured. During his stay in the camp for prisoners of war, he practically completed one of his most famous works, The Logical Philosophical Treatise, which had a great influence on the development of European and world philosophy. After that, he worked as a teacher in an ordinary rural school. Over time, Wittgenstein understands that his philosophy is largely erroneous and needs some work, so he returns to the UK again, where he continues to work on his treatise while being a professor at the University of Cambridge.
During World War II it worksnurse, and also deals with its new direction - the philosophy of the language. Wittgenstein died in 1953 from prostate cancer. All his ideas on the philosophy of language were published posthumously.
In his younger years, Ludwig Wittgenstein was activelyHe was interested in the work of the literary-critical avant-garde in Vienna, and was also interested in the ideas of K. Kraus, the editor of the Fakel magazine, who dealt with the separation of the valuable and the actual in art. Wittgenstein was also strongly influenced by the ideas of G. Frege and B. Russell, under whom he worked for a long time. From the first, he adopted the idea of the propositional function, the true meaning, as well as the semantic difference between the meaning and the meaning of expressions in the language, and the second, the method of analyzing the language in a logical way that includes the search for "atomic" facts, as well as individual elements of the logical description of mathematics.
The first logical ideas of Wittgenstein wereformulated in his "Diaries", where he talks about the possibilities of new logic and logical syntax. These reflections became the basis for his key work of this period - The Logical and Philosophical Treatise.
The work was published in 1921, first onGerman, and then - in English. The book is written in the form of individual aphorisms, which Ludwig Wittgenstein used to interpret his ideas. Quotes are placed next to the corresponding figures indicating the level of importance of the individual aphorism.
Несмотря на схожесть с идеями Рассела и Фреге, the book was unique in many ways. The treatise raises the question of the possibilities and limits of thinking, while the author combines the concepts of thinking and language, while philosophy in this case acts as a peculiar form of analytical criticism of the language. In the concept of Wittgenstein, the language performs the function of designating facts, which is possible due to the internal logical structure of the language. This doctrine still plays an important role in modern Western intellectual directions.
Over time, Ludwig Wittgenstein rethought hisposition and abandoned the a priori structure of the language. He points to a variety of words and expressions that are used in natural language. In accordance with this, the word does not appear in the mental image of the subject; only the use of words in context in accordance with the linguistic rules gives the word a certain meaning.
Витгенштейн оперирует таким понятием, как language games, where each word gets its meaning only when certain conditions of the game are met. Wittgenstein also points out the need for proper questioning. The late philosophical position of Wittgenstein is described in his work Philosophical Research.
Последняя значительная книга, над которой работал Ludwig Wittgenstein. The philosophy is briefly described from the introductory part of the book, where the author points out that this work should be considered in comparison with the Logical and Philosophical Treatise.
In contrast to the earlier work, “Philosophical Studies” do not have a prophetic style and are divided into two parts. The first part has the following structure:
The second part of the book is less structural and has an unfinished look. Here the author speaks about the words, their meaning and the functions of philosophy in these matters.
Ludwig Wittgenstein - one of the most mysteriousphilosophers of the twentieth century. Unlike his contemporaries, he not only pondered, but also lived in accordance with his views. It was thanks to him that philosophy became the philosophy of language - a science that considers how people see and describe the world.
