In today's world there are many marketstates. This indicates the imperfection of the system as a whole. The monopolistic component is considered as the reason for this situation. A system in which either the seller or the buyer expects his ability to influence it is imperfect. Let us consider further the role played by monopolies in the Russian economy.
Monopoly in a market economy is considereddesirable condition for the manufacturer / entrepreneur. This is due to the fact that in such a situation an enterprise can avoid many problems and prevent risks. Perfect competition and monopoly in the economy can not exist simultaneously.
Pricing Enterpriseaffecting sales, gets high profits. With these actions, it limits the competition of certain products. Other manufacturers cannot enter such a turnover. However, there are marketplaces in which competition is not only undesirable, but also impossible. This is due to the fact that the presence of other vendors would increase costs.
There are the following types of monopolies in the economy:
Consider the latter in more detail.
Such enterprises are characterized by high returns withsmall production costs. At the same time, technology and product have no alternatives. In such conditions, the presence of competition would be inappropriate, since the demand is satisfied by the product that the monopoly provided. The enterprise itself, of course, makes a huge profit. As for the advantages of such enterprises, the following points can be noted:
Все виды монополии в экономике обладают широкими opportunities. However, they are not always positive. For example, having the ability to form the level of the selling price, some enterprises shift a significant part of the costs to the final consumer. The latter, in turn, is not able to have a reverse impact on the manufacturer. Monopoly has the ability to slow down technical progress. As the sole producer, the company can reduce costs by reducing the quality of products and services. As for the alternative to the market mechanism of the organization, the monopoly has the opportunity to take the form of dictate.
Монополистическая форма достаточно противоречива.Definitely determine what prevails - the pros or cons, it is extremely difficult. However, society can not constantly exist in such uncertain conditions, depending on the monopolists. Negative factors of this state are not eliminated by the existing mechanisms. In this case, the market method of resource allocation will not work. In this situation, the most effective way out will be the regulation of natural monopolies. It should be carried out at the authority level.
Естественные монополии обеспечивают потребителей with the most important resources: gas, electricity, water, transport, etc. With proper and coordinated activities of these enterprises, favorable conditions for the life of the population will be formed. It is impossible not to note the rational use of limited resources. These enterprises contribute to reducing the cost of the country. However, despite their positive sides, monopolies should be under state control. Such regulation prevents their dictatorship in pricing matters. According to the level of development of monopolies, you can assess the economic state of the state. With weak enterprises that are unable to provide the population with the necessities of life, one can speak of the instability of the entire economic system of the country.
The areas of influence of monopolies are in constantmovement. These areas may narrow or expand, they can and completely eliminated. Movement depends on various factors. Of paramount importance is the state of resources. The demand for products is also important. In this regard, the process of studying and reforming monopolies is extremely relevant and necessary.
В РФ существуют различные предприятия, acting as sole suppliers or manufacturers. The most famous include Gazprom, RAO UES and the Ministry of Railways. There are other monopolies in the Russian economy that are close to these. For example, the company "Transneft", "Sberbank" and others. RAO "UES", "Gazprom" and the IPU are an important component of the country's economy. All of them personify the types of state monopoly. Although among them, formally, Gazprom is considered a joint-stock company. The state owns 38% of the company's shares. However, in fact, this company acts as an integral element of the public sector.
В первую очередь они вносят свой вклад в ВВП country. If we talk about the three enterprises - Gazprom, RAO UES and the Ministry of Railways, in aggregate they give 13.5% of GDP. Considering the role played by monopolies in the Russian economy, it is impossible not to mention the volume of investments, which is 20.6%, profits - 16.2%, and also tax revenues - 18.6%. Of particular importance in the formation of these indicators is the activity of Gazprom. At the enterprise about 300 thousand employees are involved. At the same time, there are twice as many taxes and profits from it than from the other two companies mentioned above. According to analysts, such profitability is obtained, among other things, at the expense of natural rent, which is to a certain extent underestimated due to the reduced cost of gas in the country.
In the case of increasing the value of the company 3 timesGazprom’s cumulative value added in 2000 would have been about 1 trillion rubles. This is twice the reported figure. Profit would be about 300-350 billion rubles. with a rent of 70%. Now the latter is distributed using low prices in other industries. For example, financed electric power industry. These investments allow to maintain affordable heat and energy prices for the population. Due to the turnover of Gazprom, the cost of utilities is stable. At the same time, a reduced level of pensions and wages of public sector employees is maintained, which increases the differentiation of the population depending on income.
Speaking of the role monopolies played inRussia's economy, it should be noted their participation in investment programs aimed at supporting industrial enterprises, as well as unprotected segments of the population.
Российские монополии - стабильно действующие enterprises. They are less affected by the crisis. So, in 1990-1997. the decline in production in the power industry was 25%, with an overall decline in industry by more than 50%. Domestic monopolies are not inferior in terms of world giants. Gazprom, for example, is in the lead in terms of profit margins. This company is the only one in the country that can compete in the international market with other giants.
Monopolies receive a large amount of taxdeductions. One Gazprom gives 25%. At the same time, the banking sector deducts 4% of the total. At the same time, as practice shows, monopolies, in the absence of state regulation, also become the main tax evaders. If we consider that their real indicators are slightly higher than those of other enterprises, the fact of non-payment to the budget of payments cannot be justified by the existence of consumer debt.
Natural monopolies are consideredcost-producing enterprises. In this regard, the level of tariffs and prices for the services supplied by them and the products produced affect the overall performance. Inflation in the country differs mainly "costly" nature. To a large extent, it is due to higher costs. About 15-20% of inflation is triggered by the growth of the money supply. Cost increases affect it more indirectly. The increase in costs leads to a lack of income, which is necessary for reproduction. To compensate for the deficit rising prices. Outpacing their growth, on the one hand, provokes an intensification of the nonpayment problem. However, on the other hand, monopolies perform important social functions. They supply heat, gas, electricity.
