The word "dualism" comes from the Latin"dual". This is a doctrine containing the concept that there are two independent beginnings in the world. Their duality is expressed in physical (material) and spiritual incarnations. This concept in philosophy has been known since the time of Zarathrusta (628-551 BC), which divided good and evil into two different categories.
In the ancient Greek philosophy of Plato the conceptthe duality of body and soul (the so-called anthropological dualism) implies the existence of a cosmological dualism, embodied in ideas and matter. Ancient philosophy was influenced by Iranian, first developed by Zarathustra. She claimed the existence of a world in which good and bright deities struggle with the evil and the dark for domination of the universe and the souls of people.
This dualism in the philosophy of antiquity developed fromstrongly expressed ethical side, transferred to the sphere of spirit and matter, where then (in Gnosticism), matter and body, and, consequently, the world, are associated with the principles of evil. On the other hand, the spirit (the soul and its pure “I”) becomes a pure and bright beginning. In many religions and philosophies, man’s dualism is developing and is embodied in the teachings on the soul and body, on God and the devil.
The philosophy of Christianity destroys the "ladder of loveand beauty "of Plato, where the perfection of ideas in the Absolute is opposed to the world of similarities created imperfect. In Christianity, the dualism of man is the incommensurability of the principle and the dual, expressed in opposition to sins and virtues, which is most clearly expressed in the works of Spinoza. Dualism in the philosophy of the East is unacceptable, since its traditions imply mutual understanding and interaction of soul and body, the presence of “yin” and “yang” in any phenomenon, both material and spiritual.
As the concept of dualism in the philosophy of a later period, was developed by Descartes, who is called his bright representative. Descartes was born in France in 1596 on March 31.
Life and upbringing of Descartes since eight years passedin a Jesuit school where he obtains basic knowledge while continuing his education in Holland. There he fully embarks on the path of studying mathematics, philosophy, physics, physiology and astronomy. In Holland there are his works, which have become famous. The greatest fame comes after the publication of "Discourses on the method." The work on the book and the publication made it difficult for the Inquisition to attack, with the result that Descartes changed the name and amended the text.
Violent disputes immediately arise around the book,Descartes is little disturbing, the reaction of the Inquisition takes more of it, because more recently, at the junction of the 17th and 18th centuries, J. Bruno was burned, Galileo was convicted and the language was pulled out of the philosopher Vanini, who was then also burned. Subsequently, the works of Descartes were declared heretical in France and awarded for burning. Descartes spent most of his life in Holland. At the age of 54, he died of pneumonia, having caught a cold in Switzerland, where he had to go at the request of the queen.
The term "dualism" in philosophy appeared along withworks of the German philosopher H. Wolf (1679–1749) and assumed the existence, existence and interaction of the material and spiritual beginnings both in the world and in man. In the sense of contrasting good and evil, T. Hyde used the term in 1700, applying this concept in religious activities. A similar meaning to the concept of dualism was given by P. Beyle and Leibniz.
Followers and representatives of dualism have developed inhis research the concept of moving matter Descartes, as well as the concept of the metaphysical nature of mathematics, dialectics and analytical geometry. Philosophical works of Spinoza, Kant, Rickert in modern philosophy - Rorty and many other philosophers are based on the conclusions and postulates of the Cartesian philosophy of dualism.
