The Yenisei River. Economic use and general characteristics

The wide and mighty river Yenisei. How many poems are dedicated to her, how many paintings and even monuments! The unprecedented power of the Yenisei, its beauty has always inspired writers, poets and artists.

General characteristics of the river

The Yenisei received its name from the Evenki “Ionessi”, which means “big water”. The name of the river among other nations is: Jenziam, Hook, Khem, Kim.

From the confluence of the Big and Small Yenisei lengthThe river is 3487 km. The length of the waterway is 5075 km (Ider - Selenga - Baikal - Angara - Yenisei). The basin area is equal to 2580 km², according to this indicator the Yenisei is the second largest among all rivers of Russia and the seventh largest in the world. Like most rivers in this area, the Yenisei has asymmetrical shores. The left bank is shallow, and the right bank is steep and almost 6 times higher.

This river is the natural boundary betweenEastern and Western Siberia. To the left of the river are located the plains of Western Siberia, and on the right side begins the mountain taiga. The Yenisei River flows through all climatic zones of Siberia: camels live in the upper reaches of the river, and polar bears live in the lower reaches.

This powerful river originates in the city of Kyzyl,where they merge into one two rivers - Big and Small Yenisei. The first 188 km of the river is called Upper Yenisei. Within the limits of the Tuva Basin, the river is replete with shallows, it is divided into a number of sleeves, and its width reaches 650 m. The depth at the shallows is 1 m, and in the reaches - 12 m.

At the mouth of the Lower Tunguska, the width of the valley of the Yenisei River reaches 40 km.

Sopochnaya Karga is the mouth of the river. The Yenisei delta begins near the village of Ust-Port. There are several main branches: the Small Yenisei, the Big Yenisei, the Stone Yenisei and the Okhotsk Yenisei.

By the Kara Sea, the Yenisei forms a bay.

Water regime of the Yenisei River

This river has a mixed type of food, but snow is dominant, its share is about 50%, the share of rainwater - 38%, underground (in the upper reaches of the river) - 16%. Freezing begins to form in October.

The flood begins in April - May.Congestion may occur during the spring break. The water level at this time can range from 5 m in the extended upper reaches, to 16 m in narrow areas.

Yenisei ranks first among the rivers of Russia in terms of runoff. It is 624 km³.

The average water discharge is 19800 m³ / s (at the mouth), it reaches its maximum along the Igarka River - 154000 m³ / s.

Tributaries of the Yenisei

Left: Abakan, Kas, Khemchik, Sym, Kantegir, Dubches, Turukhan, Tanama, Big and Small Kheta, Eloguy

Rights: Us, Tuba, Sisim, Kebezh, Mana, Angara, Kan, Bolshoy Pete, Bakhta, Podkamennaya and Lower Tunguska, Dudinka, Khantayk, Kureyka.

These are the largest tributaries, they are used in the economy, as the Yenisei River. The economic use of these waters is very important for humans.

Settlements

Cities: Kyzyl, Sayanogorsk, Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Shagonar, Minusinsk, Sosnovoborsk, Lesosibirsk, Zheleznogorsk, Yeniseisk, Dudinka, Igarka.

Small settlements: The guard, Ust-Port, Cheryomushki, Shushenskoye, Main, Berezovka, Kazachinskoe, Ust-Abakan, Kureyka, Turukhan.

The Yenisei River - water management

Economic use of the Yenisei plays an important role for the country. This river is an important waterway of the entire Krasnoyarsk Territory. For 3013 km (from Sayanogorsk to the mouth) the river is navigable constantly.

Main ports: Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Maklakovo, Strelka, Turukhansk, Ust-Port, Igarka, Yeniseisk, Kyzyl, etc.

Ob-Yenisei Canal, which connected the two mostmajor rivers of Russia, was built at the end of the XIX century. It was very important, as was the Yenisei River. Economic use of the channel: through it there was a timber flooding, transportation of mined minerals. Currently, the channel is abandoned and not used.

The use of the Yenisei River by man has a considerable influence on the ecological situation, given that several reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on the river.

Hydroelectric power plants: Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya and Maynsky.

The Yenisei River. Economic use and its protection

Economic use of the Yenisei hasnegative impact not only on the waters of the river itself, but also on the nearby lands. There is either bogging of agricultural land located near the river, or, conversely, the water level of the Yenisei falls and there is a drainage of nearby territories. As a result of all this, a number of archaeological and natural monuments and biocenoses were destroyed. A large number of people were forced to move. Many plants that grow on the banks of the river or in the river itself have been destroyed.

Uncontrolled fishing leads to a decrease in species diversity.

A huge role was played before by the Yenisei River.

Хозяйственное использование ее вод на АЭС привело to radiation pollution of water in the river. So in the 1950s, several nuclear reactors were commissioned at the mining and chemical enterprise, which used water from this river. After cleaning the nuclear reactors, the water was dumped back into the river.

The use of the Yenisei River by man leads tothat its waters are clogged with various debris (both household and oil products). Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment to preserve the flora and fauna of the river and the purity of its waters.