Pessimist philosopher, irrationalist, denyingmost of the concepts and ideas - this is exactly how Arthur Schopenhauer appeared to the general public. But what made him so? Push it to this worldview? He always believed that the will is the cornerstone of life, the driving force that breathed life into us and commands the mind. Without will, there would be no cognition and intelligence, the development of man in what he is now. So what pushed him on this path of reflection?
Childhood
Future philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, date of birthwhich falls on February 28, 1788, was born in the family of a merchant and a writer. From a young age, his father tried to instill in the boy a love for his work, but did not succeed in this. Education Arthur received sporadically: several months in Le Havre, with his father’s business partner at the age of 9, then studying in Runge, at an elite school at 11, and by the age of 15 the young man moved to study in the UK. But travels did not end there, and in a short period he traveled to several more European countries within 2 years.
A family
The relationship of Schopenhauer's parents was complicated.In the end, his father left the family, and later committed suicide. The mother was so frivolous and cheerful person that the pessimist Arthur also lacks the patience to live with her side by side, and in 1814 they leave, but continue to maintain friendly relations. This helps the young philosopher to make many interesting and useful acquaintances among the bohemians of that time.
Adulthood
Having a fairly large amount in a bank account andLiving on interest, Arthur Schopenhauer goes to study at the University of Göttingen for a medical degree. But two years later, transferred to the University of Berlin and change the faculty of philosophy. This is not to say that he was a diligent student. He was not attracted by the lectures, and the visit left much to be desired, but he studied those questions that really worried the future philosopher in all planes, trying to get to the heart of the problem. Such, for example, were the idea of Schelling’s free will or Locke’s theory of secondary qualities. Special attention was given to the dialogues of Plato and the construction of Kant. In 1813, Arthur Schopenhauer defended his doctoral dissertation on the law of sufficient reason. And after that, he began to work on his main work.
Philosophical works
Стоит учесть, каким необычным человеком был philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Interesting facts opened to the researchers, who analyzed his personal notes. As it turned out, professional dissatisfaction, thirst for fame and weak writer infuriated, why from his pen appeared offensive and often unfair attacks against the alleged competitors.
В 1818 году выходит первая книга «Мир как воля и performance, ”but it went completely unnoticed by either the general public or the scientific community. The publisher suffered losses, and the philosopher received wounded vanity. In order to rehabilitate in his own eyes, the young German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer decides to lecture at the University of Berlin. But since at the same time Hegel was teaching there, the students ignored the young assistant professor with his gloomy view of life. Not wanting to be the object of ridicule or pity, the writer goes to Italy, away from the university rush. But a year later he returned again to try his luck on the teacher's path again. Even the death of the enemy in 1831 did not make the course more popular, and the young man leaves teaching forever.
Moving Life with a clean slate
After leaving Berlin due to cholera epidemic and movingin Frankfurt am Main, a “new bachelor” is born, Arthur Schopenhauer. Philosophy is brief and rare, but still flashed in his life. So, he received the award of the Norwegian Scientific Royal Society for his article. His publications were also not very popular, and the reprinting of the book, now divided into two volumes, was again a failure. Negativism, misanthropy and despair grew more and more in Schopenhauer. He began to hate all philosophers in bulk and each one individually, especially Hegel, who infected all of Europe with his ideas.
Revolution
«А завтра была война…».No, of course, there was no war, but after the revolution of 1848-1849 the outlook of people, their problems, goals and views have changed dramatically. They have become more sober and pessimistic about the reality around them. This allowed opportunities to appear that Arthur Schopenhauer did not fail to take advantage of. Philosophy briefly fit in the aphoristic expressions and councils that compatriots liked. The publication of this book brought the philosopher fame and glory, of which he so dreamed.
Late glory
Теперь Шопенгауэр Артур мог быть доволен своею by fate. His house was full, he made whole pilgrimages to his places of residence. Universities lectured on his philosophy, there were also personal students. In 1854, Wagner sent him his famous tetralogy “The Nibelungen Ring” with an autograph, which biographers considered this sign of attention especially important.
Five years later, the re-publication of the “Worldas will and ethics ”, and a year later his articles, essays and aphorisms are republished. But the author has not seen them. Pneumonia caught him suddenly, and on September 21, 1860, Arthur Schopenhauer died. A brief biography, published later, managed to convey her truthfulness to the words of the late philosopher: "The decline of my life became the dawn of my glory."
Пессимистическая философия стала популярна во second half of the nineteenth century. It was at this moment that will began to mean a lot to people who survived the fire of the Revolution. According to these principles, suffering is good, and satisfaction is evil. The philosopher explained this position quite simply: only dissatisfaction allows us to more acutely feel our needs and desires. When a need is satisfied, then suffering does not disappear for a while, but you cannot remove it forever, which means life is a series of sufferings from birth to death. And as a conclusion from all this, Schopenhauer's philosophical idea states that in a world like this, it is better not to appear at all. She had a significant influence on the worldview and perception of the historical events of such personalities as Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Karl Jung, Albert Einstein and Leo Tolstoy. Each of these people in one way or another influenced the development of society, changed the opinion of their contemporaries about what life should be. And all this could not happen if it were not for Arthur Schopenhauer, rejected and forgotten in his youth.
