Wealth and expressiveness of any languageare determined not only by the number of words included in its composition, but also by the spheres of their use, by semantic diversity, by the combination possibilities, and by means of the formation of new lexemes on the basis of already existing ones. Synonymous and antonymous connections and paradigms, the phenomena of polysemy also contribute to the development of language. Due to its wide possibilities, Russian speech is a living, mobile phenomenon, responsive to any processes occurring in society and reflecting them. Therefore, it is absolutely true that the life of the people is reflected, first of all, in its language.
One of the basic concepts of lexicology -uniqueness and polysemy. Linguists have established that each word can have one or more semantic meanings, the main ones of which are described in explanatory dictionaries. The contextual environment, synonymous series, helps to reveal their semantic nuances. Take, for example, the word "smart". A synonym for it is selected "on the move" - a knower. However, it does not reflect the whole spectrum of meaning, but its small part. In fact, the word association causes a lot more.
The famous writer Andersen hasiskosatiricheskaya fairy tale, addressed not so much to children as to adults - about the king, who appeared before the people in a nude. The deceivers-tailors announced to him that they would sew a wonderful outfit out of such a material that only an intelligent person can see (a synonym in this case is a person who takes his place). Neither the most august person, nor his courtiers did not want to admit that they did not see any strings in the hands of crooks. After all, no one wants to be known as a fool, sitting on someone else's throne or minister's chair. And only the child, the soul and the consciousness of which were still sincere and spontaneous, was not afraid to exclaim that the king was naked! This example points to another semantic tinge of the word "smart", the synonym of which is "honest, truthful, fair, sincere."
Let's try to establish how the lexemecame to our speech. According to the dictionary of Fasmer, it comes from the pre-Slavic form "mind". It is from the basic language common to all Slavic peoples that the Old Russian word "um", the Old Slavonic version of it, followed by the Russian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, etc., occurred. There is the word "smart" synonym and with Latin roots - "aumuõ", that is reason, and "aumenis" - "memory", as well as its quite provable connection with the Old Slavonic roots.
Let us now consider how the lexeme is interpreted in explanatory dictionaries. This will help isolate the shades of meaning and possible options for its consumption in speech, in fiction, etc.
Analysis of the lexical meaning of interest to uswords will be incomplete without taking into account its synonymous links and the paradigm of antonyms. To identify them, we again turn to dictionaries. What synonym for the word "smart" is offered by reference books? These are "reasonable", "smart", "wise", "sensible", "sensible," "intelligent," "intelligent," "thinking," conversational "brainy," "brainy," "heady." All of them are united by a common sema: "the presence of the mind." So, in Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", Famusov speaks about Chatsky, that he is "small with a head / And he writes nice, translates." Another vivid example of synonymization is the phraseology "head on shoulders". Used in a figurative meaning (characteristic for idioms), he realizes the same meaning: "A person in this life will never fail, if he has a head on his shoulders. From any position the output will find and a piece of bread will always be given. " As for the antonyms, they are also obvious: "stupid", "stupid", "unconscious", "unconscious", "dumb", "headless".
