Punctuation marks are very important componentstext. A person who does not use them in writing, risks making it so that those to whom the text is addressed simply do not understand the meaning. Yes, and read such a message will be impossible. Therefore, you just need to check the punctuation once the text is written. This is not only respect for the addressees, but also for yourself, because literate written speech is an indicator of high culture. In this article we will analyze what punctuation is needed for, what are the main punctuation marks and what function each of them performs.
Punctuation marks did not appear right away.Initially, the texts were difficult to comprehend, because they were written without them. The fact that it is necessary to make written reports readable in Europe was first understood by the French. The setting of special stops, commas, they adopted from the Greeks in the XV century.
As for Russia, he formulated the idea ofthe one for which punctuation is needed, for the first time Mikhailo Lomonosov. The rules were put forward by him in the 18th century. Moreover, he spoke not only about the use of commas, but also exclamation marks. Karamzin also introduced a dash and a colon.
What is the purpose of punctuation marks? Knowing this is a great help when you need to check the text for punctuation.
The most important sign is the dot.It is used to separate one sentence from another, it means the end of the minimum message and the beginning of a new one. Sometimes, instead of a point, signs, question marks or exclamations are used. The first is used in those proposals that contain a question, the second - in emotionally colored, motivating.
For example, it is enough to compare three sentences:Natalya Pavlovna is an outstanding surgeon. (quiet intonation, the goal is a fact message). - Natalia Pavlovna - an outstanding surgeon? (question). - Yes Natalia Pavlovna - an outstanding surgeon! (enthusiastic feelings).
Sometimes at the end of the sentence a special sign is put - an ellipsis, it indicates the incompleteness of thought.
We often use commas.These signs separate some logical segments from others, create enumerations. Without commas it is very difficult to understand the meaning of the sentence. The famous phrase "can not be executed pardon" is a striking example of this.
In order to clarify any facts, use a colon. It can also point to a number of homogeneous terms.
Dash (by the way, this is the only name of the signpunctuation, having a foreign origin - French) is necessary when an alliance or a word is missed. It also indicates that in a sentence, one thought is opposed by another.
The use of semicolons is extremely rare. This sign is joined by parts completely unrelated logically with each other.
Now let's look at the basic rules thathelp check punctuation. One of the most common is commas for homogeneous sentences. Recall, these are those that answer one question and relate to one member of the proposal. Absolutely any constituents of the syntactic unit can be homogeneous.
To check the signs of punctuation with them, you need to pay attention to the unions that connect them. If there are none, a comma is always put. On the meadow grew red, bright yellow, white flowers.
It is also necessary to put a punctuation mark if homogeneous terms are connected in pairs. Red and yellow, blue and white flowers grew on the meadow. As we see, in this case the comma separates two homogeneous definitions with the union and.
With repetitive unions, a punctuation mark is placed after the first. On the meadow grew red, and bright yellow, and blue and white flowers.
For homogeneous terms, a generalizingword. In this case, to verify the correctness of punctuation will help determine where it is. If up to a series of homogeneous terms, then you need to put a colon. After that - a dash. For example: On the meadow grew all kinds of flowers: red, bright yellow, blue and white. The general word for flowers is used before homogeneous definitions. Red, bright yellow, blue, white - all sorts of flowers decorated the meadow.
Separation is a special emphasis on signspunctuation and intonation. Check the punctuation with it will help search for the word to be determined. This is necessary if it is a question of isolated definitions. Let's give some examples:
Swifts scurrying between the trees, on the fly caught insects. The word Swifts is used before an isolated definition (it is expressed by participial turnover).
Tourists, tired and hungry, soon approached the abandoned hut. Defined word tourists are faced with a detached definition (it is expressed by homogeneous definitions, connected with the help of the union).
It is always necessary to put commas when selecting:
The punctuation in the sentence with introductory constructions and appeals is quite simple. You just need to know what those elements are.
When we address someone, his name or how we call him, attracting attention, will be an appeal. In the sentence, it is always allocated with commas. Olga Petrovna, bring me a book about plants. "My dear grandfather, how are you?" - Dear brothers, let's defend our Motherland till the end!
Check for punctuation in syntax units withIntroductory constructions can be properly selected from the context. It should be remembered that their purpose is to pay special attention to any utterance, to separate it from others. Listen, is it really important to come tomorrow? - I'll go, finally figure it out. - According to the staff, the interior of the office should be changed a long time ago
As for complex sentences, settinga comma between their parts is always needed. Complicated matters are easier because they are difficult to confuse with any others. What is the punctuation in them (grade 5 - already the time when the topic is being studied)? We give examples.
It is much more difficult to determine the compoundsentence. Most often it is confused with the simple one, which has homogeneous predicates in its composition. It is very important to select the grammatical basis correctly and understand how many there are.
Let us examine two examples. Swallows flew around the house and freakish figures were written out in the air. - Swallows flew around the house, and those present looked at with admiration at their bizarre aerial shapes. The first sentence is simple, it is homogeneous.The predicate flews were written out by the union and, therefore, a comma is not needed. The second example is a compound sentence, there are two grammatical foundations: the swallows flew, the attendees watched. Comma before and required.
Inside a complex sentence can beunionless communication. In this case, a comma, a dash or a colon is most often inserted, less often a semicolon. Let us consider such cases. We note right away, a lot depends on the intonation and the general meaning of the sentence.
The library is closed, all the staff have already gone home. - The library is closed - all the staff went home. - All the staff went home: the library was closed.
Semicolons are less common. Its use is necessary when in simple parts there are a lot of complicating elements (they are very common).
The library, located in the park, closed to book books; the staff stayed working overtime.
Here in the first part there is not only a sacramental turn, but also this block is a complex sentence. It is necessary to use a semicolon.
