Modern medicine has methodsspecific diagnostics, which make it possible to establish the etiology of diseases in humans based on the determination of the pathogen, genetically foreign substances that stimulate the immune response, nucleic acids, as well as shifts of an allergic and immune nature, which occur due to its action. Today, RIA is widely used in immunology and virology, that is, radioimmune analysis, setting goals, components, progress, and which we consider in this article. This assay is able to detect antigens as a result of their interaction with antibodies.
RIA is such a methoddiagnosis of biologically active substances in liquids, which is based on the reaction of antigens with antibodies when using similar substances labeled with radionuclides and which have special binding systems. After their interaction, an immune complex is formed, which is separated and its radioactivity is studied. It is known that radioimmune analysis carried out using standard reagent kits.
Each reagent is able to determine the concentrationone particular substance. Biological fluid taken from a person is mixed with a reagent, after an incubation period, a free and bound radioactive substance is separated, then radiometry is performed and results are calculated. For the label of substances used isotope iodine. It is marked and added in a certain amount.
Radioimmune analysis application has a wide in medicine and microbiology.It is used to diagnose heart and vascular diseases, diseases of the endocrine and other body systems. RIA is also often used to identify the causes of infertility, pathology of fetal development. In oncology, this analysis is performed to determine the markers of tumors in order to be able to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. In immunology, RIA is used to examine the presence of immunoglobulins, enzymes, proteins, and so on in the blood. Today, this analysis makes it possible to detect the concentration of various hormones up to a millionth part of one gram. In this way, radioimmune blood test It is widely used in cardiology, oncology, endocrinology, gynecology and virology.
It is customary to distinguish several methods of analysis, depending on the nature of the reaction:
So, radioimmunoassay is performed usingspecial reagents. The kits are standard, so no errors or violations are allowed. Diagnostic results are reliable. The analysis is carried out in the morning, for this purpose, venous blood is taken from a person. In the laboratory, serum is separated from the blood, which will be used for RIA. This serum is mixed with reagents. The resulting mixture is incubated at a given temperature in the thermostat.
In the resulting mixture is divided free andrelated isotopes. After that, the resulting material is examined, and the results are calculated. The mechanism of radioimmune analysis has several options. The technique described above is a liquid-phase RIA, since all components have a liquid state. There is a RIA and solid phase, where the antibodies are placed in a carrier that does not dissolve in the liquid.
The use of this diagnostic method in medicine is becoming more and more popular every year. Lately radioimmune analysis becomes the standard diagnostic methodwhich can be prescribed by the doctor when making the final diagnosis. For a long time, this type of analysis was carried out only in laboratories, today it has become the usual method of research. But RIA requires the use of expensive equipment (gamma counters), and reagent kits have a short operational life. All this is the main disadvantage of such an analysis, which determines its expensive cost.
In addition, recently, RIA began to crowd outmore modern research methods that do not require interaction with isotopes. These include enzyme immunoassay. Thus, RIA is desirable in many clinics. It has long been used in large cities and diagnostic centers, but this analysis is hardly used in ordinary hospitals in small cities because of its high cost.
Radioimmune analysis has many advantages.It is quite specific and has a high sensitivity, which allows to determine the presence of biologically active substances in extremely small quantities. This analysis is carried out very simply, the person is only required to donate venous blood. Test results are accurate at 100% and ready the next day. Also RIA can be easily automated. Thus, this analysis allows to identify proteins that are the waste products of infectious bacteria, which indicates the presence of infection in the body.
Самым перспективным РИА является для вирусологии, because it allows in a short time to identify viral pathogens. This is due to the fact that recently the number of incidence of various infections, which are spreading with great speed, is increasing, causing mortality among people. This is especially true of countries that do not have high social and economic development (the countries of the Far East), here is simply indispensable radioimmune analysis. Microbiology also uses this diagnostic method fordetection of infectious diseases that cause pathogenic bacteria. For example, RIA is widely used to detect typhoid fever. In the first days of the disease before the appointment of treatment it is necessary to conduct a study of feces and vomit. However, the results of the diagnosis will be obtained after a long time. Here RIA comes to the rescue, the analysis allows in a short time to identify the causative agent of the disease. A person gives blood, the next day the results of the study are ready. This analysis helps in making an accurate diagnosis.
Radioimmune analysis is at the momentone of the most sensitive diagnostic methods. It is used to analyze any substance against which antibodies can be obtained. This method makes it possible to make a lot of samples in the smallest volume of the liquid under study, and also, in the shortest possible time, to record the results, since it can be fully automated. This analysis was developed in the fifties of the last century by Solomon Berson. Thirty years later, he became widespread. To date, RIA there is no one hundred percent alternative, since the analysis has a high sensitivity. RIA is used in various branches of medicine, as well as in microbiology and virology.
The use of the method in virology is verytoday, as it provides an opportunity to investigate the spread of infections, make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe a specific treatment. This problem is particularly relevant for countries that have a low level of economy and social development. Also, this analysis allows to detect the amount of hormones and enzymes in the human body. In order to obtain reliable results, the patient only needs to donate blood for analysis. Medicine does not stand still, along with radioimmune analysis, new methods of research appear, but RIA continues to be one of the leaders in medical diagnostics.
