Kardis Peace of 1661. Russian-Swedish war of 1656-1658

The peace of Kardis in 1661 is a treaty that ended the war between Russia and Sweden. His conclusion influenced not only the international position of Russia, but also its position in the war with Poland.

Causes and prerequisites of war

According to the terms of the peace treaty of 1617,signed in the city of Stolbovo, the territories from Sweden crossed from Lake Ladoga to Ivangorod. As a result, Russia was completely cut off from the exit to the Baltic Sea. Subsequent events in Europe led to further strengthening of Sweden. According to the Westphalian Peace, which ended the Thirty Years War, she gained vast territories on the shores of the Baltic and North Seas.

In 1655, Swedish troops invaded Krakow andWarsaw. These events marked the beginning of the Northern War. At that time, the great Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwill recognized the protectorate of the Swedish king over his state. This agreement brought to naught all the military achievements of Russia in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1656, Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich made an alliance with the Commonwealth and declared war on Sweden.

The course of hostilities 1656-1658

• In late July - August 1656, Russian troopsentered Dinaburg and Kokhenhausen. Also during this period an unsuccessful siege of Riga took place. This was largely due to the situation in the Ukrainian lands. At this time, the new hetman Ivan Vyhovsky signed an agreement with the Commonwealth on joint hostilities against Russia.
• In the summer of 1656, military units under the command of Peter Potemkin occupied Nyenskans and blocked Noteburg. Support for operations in Ingermanlandia by Russian troops was provided by Karelian peasants.
• In the autumn of 1656, parts of Alexei Mikhailovich were captured by Yuryev (southeastern Livonia), Neuhausen, Atsel and Custer.
• In 1657, Swedish troops launched an offensive and invaded the Pskov Region.
• In June, the Sheremetyev detachment suffered a crushing defeat near Valk.
• September 16, 1657 the Battle of Gdov was held. Swedish troops were defeated by Prince Khovansky’s corps. As a result, the military initiative passed to the Russian army.
• At the beginning of 1658, units under the command of Prince Khovansky seized Yamburg and approached Narva.
• After signing a peace treaty with Denmark, Swedenintensified hostilities. Khovansky detachment near Narva was defeated. In addition, the Swedish units managed to regain control of Nyenskans and Yamburg.

On December 20, 1658, a Russian-Swedish truce for a period of 3 years was concluded in Valiesari. According to the terms of the treaty, Russia maintained control over the occupied territories in the Baltic States.

Kardis Peace of 1661: Signing Causes and Conditions

In 1661, Russia's position in the Northern War deteriorated significantly. There was a need to conclude a new contract.

After lengthy negotiations, Russia concluded the peace of Kardis with Sweden. Unlike the Valiesaro Agreement, the terms of this agreement were less favorable for the first party.

The main provisions of the Kardis world:

• Russia transferred to Sweden the cities conquered induring the military campaigns of 1656-1658. Under the control of Adolf Johann I, an important strategic point, Kokenhausen, located on the right bank of the Daugava, Derpt, Neuhausen, Marienburg, and Syrensk passed. Having abandoned the Estland and Livland territories, Russia transferred control of the Baltic to Sweden.
• Sweden refused to support the Commonwealth in the war against Russia (1654-1667).
• Under the terms of the Kardis world, Russian merchants were allowed to keep trade courtyards in the largest Swedish cities (Stockholm, Narva, Riga).
• The Swedes received the right to create trade yards in Moscow, Novgorod and other major centers of Russia.
• Under the terms of the world, both parties pledged to return the prisoners.

So the Kardis world is actuallyestablished the boundaries defined by the Treaty of Stolbovsky in 1617. This agreement was signed on unfavorable conditions for Russia, but later it had a significant impact on the course of the war with Poland.

Consequences of the Kardis Peace for Russia

Kardis peace ended the war of 1656-1658. However, at the same time, Russia was drawn into a conflict with the Commonwealth. The signing of the Kardis Peace greatly eased her position in this war.

The fighting ceased in 1667 duewith the signing of the Andrusovo truce. According to its terms, the lands passed to Russia by the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles, as well as Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine were transferred to Russia.