In the history of our army and navy enough outstandingpersonalities. These are the people who have had the strongest influence on the development of not only the military industry, but also the entire statehood of the country. One of these was Admiral Ushakov. The biography of this remarkable person is given in this article.
Fedor Ushakov, the future admiral, was born.a tiny village of Burnakovo, lost in the open spaces of Moscow province, in February 1745. He came from a landowner's family, but not very rich. It is not surprising that he had to go to school early in order not to force parents to spend money on his maintenance. In 1766 he studied in the cadet corps, receiving the title of midshipman. His naval career began on the Baltic Sea. Ushakov immediately showed himself as a capable commander and a brave man.
Already in 1768-1774, during the first war with the Turks, Ushakov commanded several battleships at once. He also participated in the heroic defense of the Crimean coast.
На Балтике Федор Ушаков командовал фрегатом "St. Paul", and later on it also made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea. He carried out important orders for forest transportation at the shipyards of St. Petersburg. In 1780, he was even appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but the future admiral refuses this boring post and submits a petition for transfer back to the battleship. Then Ushakov received the rank of captain of the second rank.
From 1780 to 1782, he commands a linearship "Victor". During this period, Ushakov was constantly on the raids: he and his crew guarded the trade routes from the English privateers, who at that time completely unbelted.
В период очередной войны с турками, с 1787-го по In 1791, the loudest victories of the Russian fleet were associated with the name of Ushakov. Thus, in a naval battle near the island of Fidonisi (now called Snake), which occurred on July 3, 1788, Admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov personally led the vanguard of four frigates. The Turkish fleet at that time consisted of 49 ships at once, and Eski-Gassan commanded them.
We only had 36 ships, with linear onesships - five times less. It was Ushakov who, skillfully maneuvering and not allowing the Turks to get close, managed to ward off two of their advanced battleships, turning their guns to flight. This battle lasted for three hours, as a result of which the entire Turkish fleet preferred to retire. For this battle, the future Admiral Ushakov (his biography is described in the article) was granted to St. George Cavaliers.
However, soon Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich (biographywhich contains many such episodes) decided to meet the needs of the Turkish squadron. This temptation turned out to be irresistible for the Turks: relying on a fair wind, they decided to swoop down on the Russian fleet and destroy it.
However, their plan for Ushakov was obvious, buttherefore, he promptly gave the command to reorganize and select several battleships for reliable covering of the vanguard. When the latter tied the Turks into battle, the rest of the Russian ships arrived. By three o'clock in the afternoon the wind began to favor our fleet. The ships of the two squadrons quickly began to converge, and soon their gunners entered into a tense duel.
Russian gunners showed themselves in this battlejust wonderful. Soon most of the Turkish courts because of the severe destruction of equipment could no longer participate in the battle. A little more, and the Russians began to celebrate a complete and unconditional victory. The Turks managed to escape only due to the best characteristics of their compact and nimble ships. So the history of the Black Sea Fleet was replenished with another glorious victory.
Many historians point out that in that battle the enemy is notlost a single ship sunk, but the state of the Turkish squadron was such that in the coming months she could not go to battle exactly. In addition, their crews suffered huge losses in manpower, and the airborne units were seriously battered. In Russian, only 29 people were killed. It was in honor of this victory in 1915 that one of the battleships of the fleet was given the name Kerch.
He commanded the Turkish squadron Capudan Pasha Hussein.He was an experienced naval commander, but even he had to retreat after several hours of intense combat. The flagship of the Russian fleet, “Christmas,” commanded by Ushakov himself, fought simultaneously with three enemy ships. When the Turks fled, the Russian ships pursued them until darkness, and then had to anchor.
The next day, the battle resumed with a newby force. Several hours of battle ended in the complete victory of our fleet. For this the admiral was granted the Order of St. George of the 2nd degree, as well as half a thousand serfs assigned to the Mogilev province. After that, Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich, in short, became a “thoroughbred” landowner-landowner. However, he practically never was on his estates, constantly being busy with the fleet.
На суше Турция терпела постоянные поражения.Sultan Pasha decided to recoup, taking revenge on the sea. Warships were collected throughout the empire, and soon an incredibly powerful fleet was stationed near Istanbul. He in the amount of 78 ships soon anchored near Cape Kaliakria. Since the Kurban-Bayram Muslim holiday began at that time, some of the crews were sent ashore.
Впрочем, русское правительство в это время начало negotiations with a weakened enemy, which the Turks were only glad of. But Admiral Ushakov (his biography in this way was replenished with one more battle) did not know about this when he came across the Turkish fleet. According to his old habit, he instantly gave the order to rebuild into the marching position, simultaneously shelling the enemy squadron from all guns.
После войны адмирал отдает все свои силы и время preparation and development of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1793, he was promoted to vice-admiral. During this period, Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich, whose biography is full of significant events, already has tremendous authority in the navy, he is respected even by enemies.
And here a curious turn of history happens:Russia, as part of a coalition against the French, becomes an ally of Turkey, with which Ushakov fought a couple of years ago. During the Mediterranean expedition of 1798-1800, the admiral visited Istanbul, where the fleet of Kadır Bey joined his squadron. The task was difficult: to liberate many islands (including Greek Corfu), and also to make a connection with the British under the command of Nelson.
Almost all of the targets were captured withgo, but Corfu was a powerful fortress, and therefore at first Ushakov ordered to take him into the ring of the naval blockade. The combined squadron did not have enough infantry, so it was premature to think about the assault. After long and persistent negotiations, the Turkish side finally sent 4.5 thousand troops, and another 2 thousand were local militia. It was possible to make a plan for taking the object.
Russian paratroopers, under fire from the fortlanded on the shore, began to quickly build two artillery batteries. The rest of the infantry was ordered to attack the advanced fortifications of the French. At the same time, the assault on Vido Island began, the garrison of which quickly capitulated.
For this operation, Ushakov was produced in fulladmirals Even the Turks presented many valuable gifts to their former enemy, recognizing his military talent. After these events, the Russian squadron actively helped the ground forces of Suvorov, who at that time were involved in Northern Italy. Actively operating in the Mediterranean, the Russian admiral completely forged the enemy’s trade routes, blocking the ports in Genoa and Ancona at the same time. The landing of his ships proved to be excellent in the assault and liberation of Naples and Rome from the French troops.
At this time, the old sailor hit everyone with hisa talent for a subtle and skillful diplomat who knew how to extinguish problems and negotiate with opponents. It was he who contributed to the formation of the Republic of the Seven Islands in Greece, together with other diplomats created the Greek Senate. The introduction of new orders with delight took almost all the islanders. These innovations glorified Ushakov in those regions, but caused extreme discontent of Alexander I.
All those six months that the admiral spent onThe Ionian Islands were a relentless triumph. Locals treated the naval commander as their liberator from the French occupation. The squadron returned to its homeland on September 26, 1800, moored in Sevastopol. The emperor was extremely dissatisfied with the republican views of Ushakov, but could not do anything with him, fearing the reaction of the army and navy. In 1802, he was removed from the really important areas, appointing the head of the rowing fleet in the Baltic and training camps for sailors.
However, Ushakov himself was glad of this:many years of swimming did not contribute to health promotion, and therefore already in 1807 he resigns. During the attack of the French in 1812, he led the Tambov militia, but due to poor physical condition he did not personally participate in battles. The famous naval commander died in 1817 and was solemnly buried in the Sanaskar monastery.
In the history of nautical affairs of the whole world Ushakoventered not only as an admiral unsurpassed by anyone in terms of effectiveness, but also as the author of an entirely new tactic of the battle of the sailing fleet. He paid great attention to training the crews of each ship of his squadron, which was very different from the commanders of those years. Admiral loved subordinates: he was tough and demanding, but not cruel.
Чем еще известен Ушаков?Interesting facts about him are striking: when the order and the medal of his name were established in the USSR, it turned out ... that no one knows what the great naval commander looked like in reality. His only portrait dates back to 1912, when the admiral had been dead for a hundred years. The solution of the problem was proposed by the famous anthropologist Gerasimov: the admiral’s crypt was opened (and it turned out that some vandals had already stolen all personal belongings and a golden sword), the scientist took measurements from the skull, on the basis of which a face reconstruction was created. It happened in 1944.
And one more fact.In the Sanaksar monastery there are graves ... two Fedor Ushakovs. One of them is the admiral himself. The other belongs to his uncle, who during his life was the abbot of this monastery. Studying the archives, scientists found that the famous sailor liked to visit these walls, resting from the worldly vanity. That is why he wrote a will, according to which he had to be buried next to his uncle.
