The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded since 1901.Her first winner was Jacob van't Hoff. This scientist received an award for the laws of osmotic pressure and chemical dynamics discovered by him. Of course, it is impossible to tell about all the winners in one article. We will talk about the most famous, as well as those who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the past few years.
One of the most famous chemists is ErnestRutherford. He received the Nobel Prize in 1908 for studying the decay of elements of radioactive substances. The years of life of this scientist - 1871-1937. This is an English physicist and chemist, born in New Zealand. Due to his success while studying at Nelson College, he received a scholarship that enabled him to go to Christchurch, a New Zealand city where Canterbury College was located. In 1894, Rutherford became a bachelor of science. After some time, the scientist was awarded a scholarship located in England, University of Cambridge and moved to this country.
In 1898, Rutherford began to implement importantexperiments involving radioactive radiation from uranium. After some time, he discovered two of his views: alpha rays and beta rays. The first penetrate only a small distance, and the second - to a much larger one. After some time, Rutherford found out that thorium emits a special radioactive gaseous product. He called this phenomenon "emanation" (emission).
New research has shown that actinium and radiumalso carry out emanation. Rutherford on the basis of his discoveries came to important conclusions. He found that alpha and beta rays emit all radioactive elements. In addition, their radioactivity decreases after a certain period of time. Based on the findings, an important assumption could be made. All radioactive elements known to science, as the scientist concluded, belong to the same family of atoms, and a decrease in radioactivity can be taken as the basis for their classification.
The first woman to be awarded the NobelPrize in Chemistry, became Marie Curie. This is an important event for science in 1911. Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to her for the discovery of polonium and radium, the release of radium, as well as for the study of compounds and the nature of the latter element. Maria was born in Poland, after some time she moved to France. The years of her life - 1867-1934. Curie won the Nobel Prize, not only in chemistry, but also in physics (in 1903, together with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel).
Marie Curie was faced with the fact thatwomen in her time was almost closed the path to science. They were not accepted to the University of Warsaw. In addition, the Curie family was poor. However, Mary managed to get a higher education in Paris.
Henri Becquerel in 1896 found out thaturanium compounds emit radiation that is able to penetrate deeply. The Becquerel radiation, in contrast to the discovery by V. Roentgen in 1895, was not the result of excitation from some external source. It was an intrinsic property of uranium. Mary was interested in this phenomenon. In early 1898, she began to study it. The researcher tried to determine whether there are other substances that have the ability to emit these rays. In December 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered 2 new elements. They were called radium and polonium (in honor of the birthplace of Mary of Poland). This was followed by work on their selection and the study of their properties. In 1910, together with Andre Debirn, Maria singled out metallic radium in its purest form. Thus, the research cycle started 12 years ago was completed.
This man is one of the greatest chemists. He received the Nobel Prize in 1954 for studying the nature of chemical bonding, as well as for using it to clarify the structure of compounds.
Годы жизни Полинга - 1901-1994.He was born in the USA, in the state of Oregon (Portland). As a researcher, Pauling studied X-ray crystallography for a long time. He was interested in how the rays pass through the crystal and a characteristic pattern appears. From this figure it was possible to determine the atomic structure of the corresponding substance. Using this method, the scientist studied the nature of the bonds in benzene, as well as in other aromatic compounds.
In 1928, Pauling created the theory of hybridization.(resonance) chemical bonds that occurs in aromatic compounds. In 1934, the scientist turned his attention to biochemistry, especially biochemistry of proteins. Together with A. Mirski, he created a theory of the function and structure of the protein. Together with C. Corwell, this scientist studied the effect of oxygen saturation (oxygenation) on the magnetic properties of hemoglobin protein. In 1942, the researcher was able to change the chemical structure of globulins (proteins contained in the blood). In 1951, Pauling and R. Corey published a paper on the molecular structure of proteins. He was the result of work that lasted for 14 years. Using X-ray crystallography to study proteins in muscles, wool, hair, nails and other tissues, scientists made an important discovery. They found that in a protein chain of amino acids are twisted into a spiral. This was a great advance in biochemistry.
You probably want to know if there are Russians.Nobel laureates in chemistry. Although some of our compatriots were nominated for this award, only N. Semenov received it. Together with Hinshelwood he was awarded a prize for research into the mechanism of chemical reactions in 1956.
Hinshelwood - English scientist (years of life - 1897-1967). His main work was related to the study of chain reactions. He investigated homogeneous analysis, as well as the mechanism of reactions of this type.
Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (years of life -1896-1986) - Russian chemist and physicist originally from the city of Saratov. The first scientific problem that interested him was the ionization of gases. The scientist, while still a university student, wrote the first article about collisions between molecules and electrons. After some time, he began to study more deeply the processes of recombination and dissociation. In addition, he became interested in the molecular aspects of condensation and vapor adsorption occurring on a solid surface. Studies carried out by him, allowed to find the relationship between the temperature of the surface with which the condensation, and the vapor density. In 1934, the scientist published a paper in which he proved that many reactions, including polymerization, proceed through an extensive or chain reaction mechanism.
Все лауреаты Нобелевской премии по химии внесли a great contribution to science, but R. Woodward is particularly notable among them. His achievements are very important today. This scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1965. He received it for his contribution to the field of organic synthesis. The years of Robert's life are 1917-1979. He was born in the United States, in the American city of Boston, located in Massachusetts.
Первое достижение в области химии Вудворд during the Second World War, when he was a consultant to the Polaroid Corporation. Because of the war, quinine was missed. This is an antimalarial drug that was also used in the manufacture of lenses. Woodward and W. Dohering, his colleague, with easily accessible materials and standard equipment, already after 14 months of work, they synthesized quinine.
After 3 years, with Schramm, this scientistcreated a protein analog by connecting in a long chain of links of amino acids. The polypeptides resulting from this have been used in the manufacture of artificial antibiotics and plastics. In addition, with their help, protein metabolism was investigated. Woodward in 1951 began working on the synthesis of steroids. Among the compounds obtained were lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, vitamin B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Subsequently, many of the compounds obtained by him and employees of the Institute of Ciba Corporation, of which he was a director, began to be used in industry. Nefalosporin C was one of the most important of them. It is an antibiotic such as penicillin, which is used against infectious diseases caused by bacteria.
Our list of Nobel Prize winners in chemistry will be supplemented with the names of the scientists who honored it in the 21st century, in the second decade.
These researchers received an award for developingNew ways to connect with each other carbon atoms to create complex molecules. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010. Hake and Negishi are Americans, and Akiro Suzuki is a Japanese citizen. Their goal was the creation of complex organic molecules. At school, we learn that organic compounds are composed of carbon atoms, which form the skeleton of the molecule. For a long time, the problem of scientists was that carbon atoms are hard to combine with other atoms. Due to the catalyst made of palladium, managed to solve this problem. Under the action of the catalyst, the carbon atoms of the steel interact with each other, forming complex organic structures. These processes were studied by the Nobel Prize winners in chemistry this year. Almost simultaneously, reactions named after these scientists were carried out.
Lefkowitz (pictured above), Kobilka and Karplus - thiswho received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012. The award went to three of these scientists for studying G-protein coupled receptors. Robert Lefkowitz is a US citizen, born April 15, 1943. Most of his research is about the work of bioreceptors and the conversion of their signals. Lefkowitz described in detail the functional features, structure and sequence of β-adrenergic receptors, as well as 2 types of regulatory proteins: β-arrestins and GRK kinases. In the 1980s, this scientist, together with his colleagues, cloned a gene responsible for the functioning of the β-adrenergic receptor.
B. Kobilka - a native of the United States. He was born in the city of Little Falls (Minnesota). After graduation, the researcher worked under the guidance of Lefkowitz.
The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry wasalso awarded M. Karplus. He was born in Vienna in 1930. Karplus was from a Jewish family who had to move to the United States to escape the Nazi persecution. The main area of research of this scientist was nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, quantum chemistry and the kinetics of chemical processes.
We now turn to the winners of the 2013 award. Scientists Karplus (pictured below), Warsel and Levitt got her for models of complex chemical systems.
M. Levitt was born in South Africa in 1947.When he was 16 years old, Michael's family moved to the UK. In London, he entered Royal College in 1967, and then continued his studies at Cambridge University. His work in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of this university is associated with the creation of models of the spatial structures of tRNA. Michael is considered one of the founders of computer modeling and studying the structures of various protein molecules (mainly proteins).
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry washanded over to Ari Warshul. He was born in Palestine in 1940. In 1958-62 He served as a captain in the Israel Defense Forces, and then began training at the Jerusalem Institute. In 1970-72 He worked at the Weizmann Institute as an associate professor, and from 1991 he became a professor of biology and chemistry in Southern California. Warshell is considered one of the creators of computational enzymology - the section of biology. He studied the mechanisms and structure of the catalytic action, as well as the structure of enzyme molecules.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 washanded to Merner, Betzig and Hell. These scientists have created new methods of microscopy, surpassing the capabilities of our usual light microscope. The results of their work allow us to consider the paths of molecules inside the cells of living organisms. For example, thanks to these methods, it becomes possible to monitor the behavior of proteins responsible for the occurrence of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Currently, the research of these scientists are increasingly being used in science and medicine.
Hell was born in 1962 in Romania. He is today a citizen of Germany. Eric Betzig was born in 1960 in Michigan. William Merner was born in 1953 in California.
Hell has been working since the 1990s.STED microscopy on spontaneous suppressed emission. The first laser in it is excited before the appearance of fluorescent light, recorded by the receiver. Another laser is used to improve the resolution of the device. Merner and Betzig, Hell's colleagues, carrying out their own research independently of each other, laid the foundations for another type of microscopy. This is a microscopy of single molecules.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 wasawarded to the Swede Lindal, the American Modrich and the Turk Sanjar. The scientists who divided the award among themselves, independently of each other, explained and described the mechanisms by which cells “repair” DNA and protect genetic information from damage. That is why they were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
The scientific community in the 1960s was convincedthat these molecules are extremely durable and remain virtually unchanged throughout life. Carrying out his research at the Karolinska Institute, the biochemist Lindal (born in 1938) showed that various defects accumulate in the work of DNA. This means that there must be natural mechanisms by which the "repair" of DNA molecules. Lindal in 1974 found an enzyme that removes damaged cytosine from them. In the 1980s – 1990s, a scientist who had moved to the UK by then showed how glycosylases work. This is a special group of enzymes that performs work on the first stage of DNA repair. The scientist was able to reproduce in the laboratory this process (the so-called "excision repair").
Достойны внимания и другие лауреаты Нобелевской Chemistry Awards 2015 Aziz Sanjar was born in 1946 in Turkey. He received a medical degree in Istanbul, after which he worked for several years as a village doctor. However, in 1973, Aziz became interested in biochemistry. The scientist was struck by the fact that after receiving a dose of ultraviolet radiation, which is deadly dangerous for them, they quickly regain their strength if they are exposed to radiation in the blue spectrum of the visible range. Already in the Texas laboratory, Sanjar identified and cloned an enzyme gene that is responsible for eliminating ultraviolet damage (photolyase). This discovery in the 1970s did not arouse much interest in American universities, and the scientist went to Yale. It was here that he described the second system of "repair" of cells after they were exposed to ultraviolet radiation.
Paul Modric (born 1946) was born in the USA (New Mexico). He discovered a method by which in the process of dividing cells correct the errors that appeared in the DNA in the process of division.
So, we already know who got the NobelChemistry Prize 2015 One can only guess who will be awarded this award in the next, 2016. I want to believe that in the near future, domestic scientists will stand out, there will be new Nobel Prize winners in chemistry from Russia.
