The central belt of the planet got its name equatorial due to its location on both sides of the equator from 5-8 degrees north to 4-11 degrees south latitude.
The equatorial belt, limited by subequatorial belts, consists of three areas:
Equatorial latitudes simultaneously cover parts of both parts of the world, with the same climatic conditions in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The amount of heat that the sun gives the earthSurfaces - one of the main factors affecting the climate of every corner on Earth. The degree of heating of the planet's surface depends on the angle at which the sun's rays fall on it. The closer to the equator, the more warms the surface of the Earth, therefore, the temperature of the ground air increases.
На территории экваториального пояса угол падения the sun's rays are the highest, so the average annual temperature in the regions of the equatorial belt is +26 degrees with slight differences. The air masses of the equatorial belt, heating up, rise and create an upward movement of air flow.
An area of lowatmospheric pressure - equatorial depression. The heated and humid air that has risen up becomes saturated and cools there. As a result of thermal conversion, a large number of cumulus clouds are collected, precipitating as rain.
The air masses formed in the depression zone of the equatorial belt always have a high temperature. Humidity in this area is also increased.
This equatorial climate zone is unique.Characteristics of air masses are always similar. Since they form in a zone of low atmospheric pressure over land and ocean, scientists do not divide them into marine and continental climate subtypes.
The dominant air masses of the equatorial belt form the equatorial climate type, which is characterized by:
Typical equatorial climate peculiarWestern Amazon and Congo basin. In the Congo basin, the amount of precipitation that fell during the year is 1200-1500 mm, in some places 2000 mm per year. The area of the Amazonian lowland is substantially larger than the Congo basin, the air masses of the equatorial belt are formed more intensively. The annual amount of precipitation reaches 2000-3000 mm. This is many times the annual rate.
For the western Andes and the north of GuineaThe coast is characterized by precipitation of the most abundant rainfall, their number can exceed 5,000 mm per year, in some places up to 10,000 mm per year. Such an abundance of precipitation is influenced by a strong backflow between the trade-wind currents of the north and south. The summer maximum of precipitation is pronounced in these areas.
Mode of precipitation in the equatorial belt according to seasonssignificantly different. The dry period is either absent or lasts one to two months. The big difference in precipitation in summer and winter in these regions is due to the dry and dusty West African trade winds Harmatan. From late November to early March, it blows from the Sahara towards the Gulf of Guinea.
Abundance of precipitation directlyit is associated with the intratropical zone of convergence of the trade winds by the zone where convergence of air currents is observed. The convergence zone stretches along the equator, coincides with the zone of low atmospheric pressure and is located most of the year north of the equator. In the seasons, the convergence zone shifts occur with changes most noticeable in the Indian Ocean basin.
Here the trade winds are replaced by monsoons.Steady winds, depending on the season, change their direction. The strength of the wind can vary: from weak to become squall. Most of all tropical cyclones form in this zone. Tropical latitudes are characterized by high atmospheric pressure.
They form airflows thatrush into the zone of low pressure - to the equator. Due to the rotation of the Earth, the northeast Passat near the equator takes the north direction, and the southeast Passat takes the south direction. When meeting, they form a calm - a windless strip. The trade winds are weak air currents blowing along the equator all year round, they are the most stable winds on the planet.
Таким образом, после дней равноденствия выпадает maximum precipitation in the equatorial zone. A slight decrease in precipitation is observed after the solstice days. Above the earth’s surface, heated by sunlight, a cluster of clouds is formed. Usually in the afternoon there are heavy rains, accompanied by thunderstorms. Over the sea, showers and thunderstorms occur at night, which is the difference between the sea and continental climate.
Atmospheric precipitation falls so much that the moisturedoes not have time to evaporate. The value of relative humidity is kept at 80-95%. Excess moisture swamps the soil, contributing to the growth of impassable multi-tiered equatorial forests. Over the humid forests of equatorial latitudes western monsoons constantly blow in summer, and in winter - eastern, in Africa guinea monsoon and monsoons of Indonesia.
