Как известно, латинский язык в современном мире is dead. That is, they do not speak it. But it all turned out that this language is actively used in medical terminology. No philologist can not do without the knowledge of the language, even elementary: reading and writing. The stress in Latin is one of the most complicated phonetic characteristics. This article is about him.
Latin language belongs to the Indo-European family. It is named after the name of the tribe of the Latins, who inhabited the tiny area of Italy - Latium.
Латынь стала государственным языком на a significant part of Europe, as well as in North Africa, in parts of Asia. In the II century BC. e. there is a mutual enrichment of Greek and Latin languages, because during this period Greece was conquered by Rome. This is the reason for the significant number of borrowings of Greek words in Latin, as well as Greek medical terminology.
Latin remains the main source for the artificial creation of new terms of medicine in modern languages.
For hundreds of years, Latin remained the language of science and culture for Europe. A vast amount of literature was written on it (historical chronicles, theological, scientific and philosophical treatises, poems).
Mastering even a minimally filled courseLatin will allow you to easily learn the ancient Greek language, and understanding the vocabulary and grammatical structure of the Latin language will help greatly in the study of Romance languages (Spanish, French, Italian), and Germanic (German, English). Latin also influenced the Russian language, in the vocabulary of which there are many Latinisms.
Latin became the basis for the creation of all Romance languages. And in many other European languages many Latin vocabulary, mainly from science, medicine, culture and intellectual heritage, has penetrated.
The grammar of the Latin language is clear, laconic and, inin general, is available for rapid assimilation. It is almost the only language in the world that has such a harmonious and structured grammar. Latin terminology has become common in world linguistics. This language develops linguistic thinking, and also contributes to the most accurate expression of their feelings and thoughts in their native language. No wonder all the outstanding minds of past centuries included this language in their compulsory educational program.
Today, medical and philological education is impossible without understanding the basics of Latin. Learning a language is of great importance in the training of these specialists.
And they usually start their journey with understanding phonetic bases, one of which is the stress in Latin.
In terms of learning, Latin is not the easiestlanguage from the existing in the world. But only because there are no living carriers. From the point of view of linguistics it is quite simple, of course, if you carefully understand all the details.
We can distinguish only three rules of stress in Latin:
That's all! Three unpretentious rules that are easy to remember. But when you read them, many questions can arise immediately. For example:
In fact, these questions are very simple answers.
The statement of stress in Latin directlydepends on the syllable. What is a syllable? This is the minimal pronunciation of the language. That is, it does not carry any semantic load, but is simply a combination of different sounds.
As in many other languages, the number of syllablesin Latin is determined by the number of vowels in the word. But in Latin there are also diphthongs, that is, combinations of two sounds that imply a transition from one vowel sound to another. Simply put, two vowel sounds that are not separated by a consonant.
This language phenomenon can be confusing to someone who has just started learning the language. But the diphthong is one syllable, although it consists of two vowels.
For example, oesophagus. There are four syllables in this word, although there are five vowels. Diphthong th - this is one syllable! Similarly:
To understand how the slogan passes, you need to learn only nine rules. They will help to accurately put the stress in Latin.
Slogonazdel:
From that, a long sound or short, its pronunciation does not depend. But this moment significantly affects the rules of stress in Latin.
So, the syllable is called short:
These are the types of short sounds by position.But there are also those who are short by nature. That is, historically they were pronounced longer (melodious) long vowels. Usually in writing they are indicated by a semicircle "hat". For example, vólŭcre.
Yes, as it turned out, this is not so simple.Latin language! Word stress depends on many factors. Including the longitude and brevity of the syllable, its openness and closeness (recall that the open syllable ends in a vowel, closed in a consonant, as in Russian).
So, the syllable is long:
It is very important to remember the following! Consonants c, b, p, t, d in combination with l, r will not create the longitude of the preceding vowel. For example, vertebra, anhanddrus. Highlighted sounds are brief!
In the case of longitude of sound (and, consequently, syllable), there are also historically established patterns. On the letter they are indicated by a dash. For example, amîcus
Очень интересной и познавательной темой в learning Latin will be an appeal to such a phenomenon as homonyms. From the rules of the Russian language, everyone knows that these words are the same in spelling, but different in meaning. But with the language spoken by the majority of Russians, everything is clear. But Latin can bring many surprises in this regard.
The fact is that the longitude and brevity of sound is not always displayed on the letter. In the language there are many words-homonyms, which, depending on the setting of the stress, change their lexical meaning.
For example, malum - evil (long vowel), malum - apple (short vowel).
In order not to make a total mistake, you need to understand how to put stress in the Latin language, in the longitude and brevity of sounds.
Let's take a few more words. When there is a graphic symbol on the letter, the lexical meaning of the word is easier to understand. For example,
When there is no saving icon, everything is much more complicated.
The emphasis in Latin is due to a number ofthe rules. But as you know, there are always some exceptions to them. In Latin, they are usually associated with words that come from outside, i.e. borrowed. Most of these words come from Greek.
In them, in the second syllable from the end, the vowel before the vowel was stressed. Greek diphthongs in the process of romanization turned into long vowels. For example, Achillea (yarrow), giganteus (giant).
The following category of exclusion words refers to neologisms, names that were borrowed from modern languages. Most often in them the emphasis can also be placed not by the general rules.
Now let's take a closer look at the principles of stress in Latin. Examples will help to understand everything in this question completely.
