The evening is a world time watching news.Viewers hear a lot of terms that are not always clear and do not allow to fully immerse themselves in the essence of the problem. The demographic problem of the country, the difficult demographic situation, the demographic crisis - often these phrases take off from the lips of politicians, public figures, sociologists and leading ones. In order to understand what is at stake, it is necessary to become familiar with the term "demography", with its origin, development and role in the development of modern society.
Январь 1662 года повсеместно считается датой the birth of demography as a science. At that time, she still did not have this modern name. John Graunt spoke about her in his book with a long title, which is now paraphrased and would have been called simply "Demographics through the eyes of John Graunt, a citizen of London." Studying topical mortality bulletins at the time, Graunt was the first to notice that the population exists according to certain regularities. Thanks to the ninety-page booklet of a self-taught scientist, three sciences were subsequently born: sociology, statistics, and demography.
Relatively recently, namely in 1855,French scientist A. Giyyar published a book with, at that time, about a name that does not speak about anything - “Elements of human statistics, or Comparative demography”.
Русский язык пополнился данным термином в 1970 year, thanks to the holding of the eighth international statistical congress in St. Petersburg. Initially, demography in Russia was perceived exclusively as a synonym for population statistics. In modern society, demography is an activity aimed at collecting data, describing and analyzing changes in population size, composition, and population replenishment. The use of the term in the form of an adjective gives it the meaning “pertaining to the study of the composition of the population”.
Demography is a scientific study.size, location and composition of the population. Also within the framework of this science, they study the causes of changes in the composition of the population and the ways of solving unfavorable demographic situations for the country. In this regard, demography is not just a science, it is a complex of techniques allowing to preserve and increase the high-quality population in the country and the world. The population is the subject of demographic research.
As a unit of aggregate emita person who is considered in terms of various signs. This suggests that demography is the science of a person, his age, gender, marital status, occupation, education, nationality, and other characteristics.
Throughout life, each of these indicatorssubject to change, which significantly affects the general state of the population. Such instability gave rise to such a term as the movement of the population. It is divided into natural, mechanical and social.
В древности мыслители уделяли внимание населению, its number, but there was no question that demography is a science. Confucius tried to determine the relationship between the population and the amount of cultivated land. After him, Plato, describing the ideal state, noted that its population should not be less than 5040 free inhabitants.
The disciple of Plato, Aristotle, actively studiedsmall population. The era of feudalism is characterized by the active use of measures to increase the population. Thus, the authorities tried to strengthen the political and financial situation, as well as military forces. For the first time the population, as an object of science, began to study John Graunt.
The rapid development of demographics in the mostdegree inherent in the mid-twentieth century, which is the origin of the emergence of modern demography. Demography goes to a new level and begins to play an important role in solving many economic and social problems. Social demography is a combination of two sciences, sociology and demography. It is based on the study of the influence of demography on sociology and vice versa.
Modern demographics carry a vastscientific base, which brought in the mid seventies. The scientific approach allowed us to discover new knowledge, develop a demographic analysis, increase the research based on demography. The family has become a key element in the study of the demographic situation of the country. Such great scientists as D.I. put their hands on the study of the science of the composition of the population. Mendeleev, P.P. Semenov-Tyanshansky, S.P. Kapitsa.
The seventeenth century is characterized by significantpopulation growth. The reason for this increase was the high medical advances that made it possible to reduce mortality. According to official data, the population for a thousand years BC was fifty million people. Over 2600 years, it has increased by only 450 million.
130 years later a population explosion was noticed,because during this time, the number has increased by a billion. Further, the explosion became more ambitious, and in 44 years there were four billion people on the planet, instead of the recent two billion. The population of the Earth continues to grow rapidly, and by 2025 the population will exceed the level of eight billion. But there are forecasts that promise the extinction of the population in a few decades.
The twentieth century was a period of declining fertility.and mortality in many countries of the world. The gain was either minimal or not at all. Some countries are in the red. Russia has also experienced a significant reduction in population.
One of the reasons for the Russian demographicThe crisis became the collapse of the USSR. In most subjects of the Russian Federation, there is an excess of mortality over births. In Asia, Latin America and Africa, global population decline is due to high levels of migration.
Also among the causes of the demographic crisisinclude historical cataclysms, child mortality, the growth of the urban population who do not want to have more than one child, the lack of funds for the maintenance of more than one child, the predominance of the male population over the female.
The inertia of the demographic crisislies in the pattern: if the birth rate has a stable negative trend, then the number of women capable of reproduction is reduced. In this case, the acquisition of positive dynamics is possible only if women give birth at times more children.
As is known, the population explosion is the mostinherent in China. To solve this problem, the government of the country decided to tax every born child, except the first. The disadvantage of this method is a large number of unregistered children. But the effect is also there, the annual increase was reduced by 1.8%. Following the example of China, this policy was chosen by India.
As for the demographic crisis, hereeffective reward system. So, in Russia there is a program in which women who have given birth to their second child receive maternity capital, for the third child the state provides land for the construction of a house. French women and Germans for two or more children receive solid benefits.
