Orthoepy is definitely one of the most difficult topics inRussian language. The problem is that even native speakers cannot always say how to pronounce one or another word correctly. Of course, in most cases we know this intuitively, but sometimes the combination of sounds in a word confuses us. Are there any rules that can make life easier for a Russian-speaking person and help him avoid mistakes, at least in this? Definitely exist. Welcome to the dark world of confusing Russian orthoepy.
Let's start with the vowel sounds - they are less affected by their neighbors. The combination of vowel sounds is usually pronounced according to the rules of orthoepy. The only nuance - if before - e, y, i, e - there is another vowel, then these sounds, if I may say so, split into two: -e- becomes [ye], -Yu- turns into [yu], -ё- will be addressed to [yo], and -I- it will be pronounced as [ya] - these are the so-called iota vowels, in which the echo of this very sonorous one appears. In addition, “yotovy” also appears at the beginning of the word (for example, “pit" sounds like [yama]), and after the separation of soft and hard signs ([vyuga] and [padysd]). By the way, even if the vowel before another vowel is in a different word (-yI ovorila-), yotovost will still be present.
It should also be noted that the most successful position for vowels is the shock, it is in it that the sounds are heard most clearly.
Let's fix the combination of two vowel sounds by transcribing several words: independence, canyon, huntsman, pours, classification, adagio, youth, bright yule, traveling, apple, variation, arrival, fair, country Japan, singing.
With consonant sounds, things are not so easy. Everything matters here: the sounds of the neighbors, the position of the sound in the word (in its morphemes) and many other factors.
The first question is a combination of consonants onjunction of morphemes, especially identical sounds. We all met words like –long, sanity, program - and we pronounce them without thinking at all. At the same time, there are certain rules and phonetic laws that explain these phenomena. So in words like - sew, sanity, fake - a combination of several sounds is pronounced as one, just longer: [To sewuYes, there is another phenomenon here - the assimilation of one consonant to another, which will be explained later. The main thing to understand that in any case, the same sounds at the junction of morphemes turn into one.
But what about the combination of sounds in a word that is in the root? In modern Russian, such cases are almost never encountered - they are characteristic mainly of borrowed words (gamma, process). So, such combinations are also pronounced as one sound, but not long, but short. In a number of borrowed words, these changes are visible to the naked eye: attack (from attack) corridor (from corridor).
The same sounds in Russian at the junction of morphemesbecome one long, but if they occur in one morpheme, root, for example, then this longitude does not appear. Another important note: in the phonetic transcription, two identical sounds are never written side by side, if you want to show that this sound will be long, a horizontal line is placed above it - a special phonetic sign.
The next phenomenon associated with the concept of combinationsounds in the word - assimilation. Assimilation is the assimilation of the pronunciation of one sound to another, there are several types of this phenomenon, determined depending on the influencing sounds on each other. Consider each of them.
Assimilation by voicing and deafness manifests itselfat the junction of the voiced and deaf consonant, respectively - a similar combination is alien to the Russian language, so the first sound is influenced by the second, stunning or voicing. Scientifically, this is called regressive assimilation.
Changes occur in the following cases:
As you can see from the examples, stunning is much more common than voicing. However, this rule does not affect the sonorous sounds in the Russian language (Trend - according to the rules should be pronounced [Drend], but due to the peculiarities of Russian orthoepy, the first consonant is not subject to change) and to consonants before the voodomus -y- appearing in yoot vowels: [oTydezd], although this word should have sounded like [ODDn.
We go to the next type of assimilation - softness. It is also regressive - that is, the first sound is subject to the influence of the next one. Such a change occurs before:
But there are some exceptions to this rule. The combination of sounds in the word is not subject to assimilation:
Thus, it cannot be said that soft assimilation is so strictly subject to the rules governing it. There are a number of nuances that can never be forgotten.
The next type of interaction is hardness assimilation. It occurs only between the root and the suffix: locksmith - i.e. a suffix that begins with a hard consonant affects the previous sound. And again there are exceptions: assimilation will not occur before -b- (proz "ba), as well as the rule does not obey [l "u (Pol "e - zapol" Ny).
The amount of sounds in a word is influenced by another kind of assimilation - whistling -w, s- before hissing -w, h, w-. In this case, the first sound merges with the second, completely becoming like it: to sew - ˉSew, with heat - ˉ Heat. The same rule applies for -d, t- before -h, c-: about. This type of assimilation also extends to combinations -LJ- and -zh- at the root of the word (-later - even). Thus, because of this type of assimilation, the number of sounds in a word is one less than letters.
Никто не отменял такое явление, как unpronounced consonants. In some places, some sounds are simply not pronounced - we can say that they fall out. This phenomenon perfectly demonstrates the combination of sounds in the word -stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts-, eg honest, poZDNI, sentiment, sun. Certain difficulties are associated with it:some are guided by the so-called phonetic principle of writing (as I hear, I write this way), therefore, if the consonant is not pronounced, it should not be in the word. Unfortunately, this is not the case. So, it is necessary to select a single-root word to check if there is any sound in this situation: honest - honor, late - late - they usually look for words where after the consonant there will be a vowel or sonoric that will allow the sound to appear most clearly.
Continuing the theme of stunning consonants, it should be noted that these sounds tend to become deaf at the end of a word, regardless of the preceding vowel or consonant. We talk vice instead threshold and hammer instead molodD. This phenomenon leads to the emergence of so-called homophones - words that are spelled differently, but are pronounced the same way as the same hammer (as a tool) and is young (as a short adjective). The spelling of the consonant at the end of such words should be checked.
Assimilation of the sonor, that is, for example, consonant -R- in the word, the army was not pronounced firmly, as is customary for us, modern native speakers, but softly army. At the moment, this phenomenon is practically not observed.
All of the above can be consolidated by transcribing the words suggested below:
garden, laughter, absence, apple, foreboding,hail, droid, savanna, civilization, mirage, burn, report, dispatch, fill, failure, fun, grass, power, pour, bribe, access code, Kiev, year something.
Слово, слог, звук – так можно представить orthoepic hierarchy of the Russian language. And to say that everything in it is easy, it is impossible in any case. Using the simplest example of consonant combinations, we were convinced that not always in order to correctly pronounce a word, there is enough intuition. Let's at least try to speak correctly in order to preserve all the beauty and richness of our language. It's a snap.
