Workshop on the Russian language: what is the grammatical basis

A sentence is the basic unit of verbal communication, the main subject of study of syntax. The key semantic and grammatical center of a sentence is considered to be its predicative basis.

The grammatical basis of the sentence and its types

The primary concept of what is grammaticalthe basis is given to students in elementary school. In more detail and deeply predicative units are studied when passing through the topics “The syntax of a simple sentence” and “The syntax of a complex sentence”. It is then that students learn and learn to distinguish between one-and two-part sentences, a complete and incomplete predicative core, and they understand the means of expression of the subject and predicate.

To define what is grammatical basisof each individual sentence, it is necessary to isolate the main members in it and indicate their means of expression. It should be remembered that in a one-sentence sentence the grammatical basis is represented only by one main member - the subject or predicate. And in the two-part are both.

• Single-piece offer.

One-part sentences are divided into verbal and verbal. The subject, expressed by a noun or other part of speech in the meaning of a noun, is what is the grammatical basis denomination sentence (That's autumn outside the window; Shadow from the leaves on my curtain).

Verb-type sentences contain in theirbasis only predicates. They, in turn, are subdivided into four (some researchers distinguish three) types: definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, and impersonal. In each of them, the verb in the form of a certain person and number plays the role of the predicate. In the sentences of the latter type, the role of the predicate is fulfilled by the words of the state category (The doorbell rang again and again, without ceasing; It was not a joke outside).

Somewhat harder to grasp what isgrammatical basis of incomplete sentences. It is important to learn to see the missing subject or predicate and restore it from the context. The main confusion occurs with the nondiscrimination of one-piece and incomplete sentences. For example, in the sentence “Everywhere - puddles and puddles, recent snow has melted” the first part is an incomplete one. From the context, we can easily restore the missed predicate - glisten. Thus, in this sentence the grammatical the basis is subject to "puddles" expressed by the namethe noun, and the missing, but the restored predicate, "shine", expressed by the verb in the plural, the present tense, the third person, the indicative mood.

• Two-part offer

In a two-part sentence, the subject is expressedany independent part of speech in the meaning of a noun or phrase, including indivisible, i.e. phraseological turnover. In addition to the noun, the pronoun, adjective and participle, as well as the numeral are the most often independent parts:

Animals can suffer and cry like people;

She screamed loudly and waved her arms;

The shower room was filled with steam;

Those who arrived at night settled in their places;

How stupid it is to shoot sparrows with cannons!

Also, the verb in different forms quite often appears in the role of the subject: the interlocutor is considered to be a sign of bad taste to yawn in the face.

The predicate in a two-part sentence also hasdifferent forms of expression, ranging from standard verb and ending with nominal parts of speech and phrases. It is important to develop students' so-called syntactic vigilance, so that they can without difficulty find and define the boundaries and type of grammatical basis.

Grammatical basis in word formation

The concept of grammatical foundations is inherent not onlysyntax, but also word formation. In word formation, the grammatical basis of the word is a part of the word without ending. It includes, above all, the root, and then other components - prefixes, suffixes, postfixes.

The main part of the grammatical basis of the word is the root. It contains the lexical meaning of all words with the same root. Without a word root, there is no independent lexical-grammatical unit.

Thus, the term "grammatical basis" in linguistics is ambiguous and is implemented at several linguistic levels.