Let's start the conversation with the fact that emit solventsorganic and inorganic. Let us consider in more detail the features of the first group. Provide information on those compounds that are considered the most common solvents. Particular attention will be paid to the rules for the safe use of these compounds.
Organic solvents may belong tocertain classes of compounds: aromatic, aliphatic, nitro derivatives, carboxylic acids, amides, ketones, ethers and esters. There is also a class of halogen derivatives with the properties of solvents.
This is a great organic fat thinner,which is a mixture of hydrocarbons having a boiling range from 30 to 205 degrees. In the human lungs gasoline enters the air through the respiratory tract. This substance is dangerous at all stages of its production, transportation, as well as direct operation.
The maximum permissible concentration isfrom 100 to 300 mg / m3. In case of acute poisoning, a headache occurs, there is a strong cough, discomfort in the throat. In case of severe poisoning, the pulse slows down, mental over-stimulation occurs, the mucous membrane of the nose and eyes irritates. In severe cases, possible loss of consciousness, severe dizziness. To remove from such states, it is necessary to place the victim in fresh air, provide oxygen, give him a soothing and heart medication.
If gasoline enters the stomach, it is necessarytake 30-40 grams of vegetable oil. In everyday life, this organic solvent is used when carrying out painting and finishing works, not always observing safety regulations. For example, it is prohibited to use gasoline in closed small spaces, as well as to work with this solvent near an open source of fire.
Все растворители органические, в том числе и acetone, have a characteristic odor. This liquid is included in the qualitative organic solvents: cellulose acetates and nitrates. Having a fairly low toxicity, acetone is used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. It is this representative of the class of carbonyl compounds that is the raw material for the technological process of production of diacetone alcohol, acetic anhydride, and cat.
The composition of organic solvents of this typeincludes carbon, oxygen, hydrogen. In the process of inhalation, accumulation of acetone vapor in the human body is observed. Due to the slow elimination there is a risk of chronic poisoning. When the first symptoms appear, the affected person should be removed from the room in which the acetone vapor concentration is exceeded.
In industry, a mixture is often usedorganic solvents: methanol and ethanol. Methyl alcohol is required for the preparation of some external medicines, as well as for dissolving paints. Under normal conditions, it is a colorless transparent liquid with a specific wine smell. A small amount of methanol, getting inside the body, contributes to death (death of the injured person).
Good solubility in organicsolvents of this representative of the class of monohydric saturated alcohols, made it one of the main substances used in the chemical industry. When poisoning with methanol, there are severe headaches, spasms of the limbs. The mucous membrane and skin get a bluish appearance, shortness of breath occurs, coordination of movements is lost, respiratory paralysis is possible.
Among the preventive measures that promote the safe use of methanol as an organic solvent, noted sealing, mandatory cleaning of clothing, quality ventilation.
Растворители органические применяют в сельском farm, in various industrial plants, in everyday life. Among the aliphatic hydrocarbons with the properties of solvents, select octane, hexane, pentane.
Fat dissolves well in organic solvents, which is used to purify substances in technological production.
All types of such substances have toxicological properties, act as a depressant on the central nervous system, have a narcotic effect.
As commercial solventsconsider a mixture of sulfur - and nitrogen-containing organic substances. Such compounds are used in the manufacture of varnishes, paints, adhesives, organic dyes. Poisoning by such products is explained precisely by the content of toxic organic substances in them.
Depending on the volatility of solvents, there are three groups. More details on the features of each of them.
As volatile compounds canintroduce ethyl alcohol. The organic solvent of this group has a high evaporation rate, and therefore represents a serious danger to the air environment of industrial premises.
Coke and oil productsproductions, ethers, ketones, terpenes in a separate form or as mixtures, are excellent means for preliminary degreasing surfaces of metal products.
Mid-volatile compounds, such as xylene, butyl alcohol, have a much smaller negative effect on the atmosphere.
Depending on the solubility coefficient of the vaporin water, the possibility of acute poisoning significantly changes. In addition to the narcotic effect, solvents have the ability to irritate the mucous membrane of the eyes, to stimulate the occurrence of skin diseases.
This compound is volatile colorless.fluid. In its pure form, this solvent has a pleasant smell, and the technical product is characterized by the smell of rotten radish. This compound is used in the viscose industry as a solvent for oils, fats, phosphorus, waxes, rubber. In addition, carbon disulfide is in demand in the production of organic glass, is an accelerator in the vulcanization of rubber, the manufacture of artificial silk.
Carbon disulfide is a solvent thatable to cause serious damage to the nervous system of an organic nature. When dissolved in lipids, it quickly penetrates the skin. Removal from the body of this chemical compound through the intestine, kidney.
With a long stay in the nervous tissuecarbon disulfide affects the exchange of serotonin, acts as a moderator of reactive amino groups. Carbon disulfide is called not only “nervous”, but also vascular poison. Even with minor intoxication, major changes occur in the activity of the cardiovascular system.
For the prevention of carbon disulfide poisoning, it is important to monitor the sealing of production equipment used in the manufacture of silk.
Employees of zones in which there is a high content of carbon disulfide, must use special filtering industrial gas masks of mark “A”.
This chemical compound is colorless.liquid that evaporates easily at room temperature. Among homologues of C6H6, styrene (vinylbenzene) and xylene (dimethylbenzene) have received the maximum use as organic solvents.
Benzene is used to make maleicaldehyde, nitrobenzene, in the production of phenol. This compound is forbidden to use as a separate solvent, is replaced by xylene or toluene.
Benzene vapor poisoning is quite rare. They are associated with work in areas with poor ventilation, the use of quick-drying paints in unventilated areas.
With a slight poisoning with benzene vapors, a person becomes intoxicated, in severe cases, loss of consciousness, convulsions, paralysis of the vascular and respiratory centers is possible.
For the prevention is carried out constantcontrol of the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the industrial premises; provides reliable protection of the respiratory organs with a gas mask; special clothing is used.
Organic solvents includemany different properties and composition of substances. These include various chlorinated compounds, esters and ethers, alcohols, nitro compounds used in various branches of the chemical industry. They often act as catalysts of technological processes, allow accelerating chemical reactions. Among the organic solvents that are safe and indispensable for human life and activity, let us select water. That it acts as a catalyst in metabolic processes, contributes to the development of plants.
When applied correctly, attentivecompliance with safety regulations, you can protect all people in contact with these organic compounds from various poisonings, damage to the nervous system, to avoid disruptions in the activity of the heart muscle.
