The correct choice of words in spoken and written languagein different situations requires a lot of keenness and a lot of knowledge. Some words are absolutely neutral, and therefore they can be used in any life situation. Others, on the contrary, bear a certain emotional coloring, and can both emphasize those feelings that the speaker wants to express, and give out what he would like to hide from others.
There is also a separate category of words related tothe so-called lexicon of limited use. From the vernacular vocabulary it may be different, for example, the territory of its distribution or sphere of professional activity, to which it relates, or social group, to resort to the expression data. Therefore it is very important to understand that a common lexicon and which words refer to the limited use of vocabulary (diagram below). First of all, one should understand the division of the vocabulary of the Russian language.
Talking about the division of lexical compositionRussian language into groups, first of all they speak about the vocabulary of general and vocabulary of a limited sphere of use. The latter, as already mentioned, is divided into dialectisms, professionalisms and jargon, which includes both the words used by the "declassed elements" and ordinary youth slang, and the first is more monolithic and is divided into only two groups: stylistically neutral vocabulary and emotionally colored . Guided by this classification, you can outline for yourself an approximate framework for the use of certain words.
This category is the most extensive, includingin itself the basic lexical stock of the Russian language, actually representing its lexical core. This part of the vocabulary fund is also called the public as the words of general use are used in their speech and are understood by all native speakers of the Russian language or their overwhelming majority. This is a kind of literary language base, the use of which is possible in both oral and written language. Moreover, it is the vocabulary of general use that is the foundation on which then the elements of the lexicon of limited use are located - terms, slang, professionalism.
Examples include the following words: go, eat, work, read, book, food, water, fruit, animal, winter, spring, summer, word, girl, head and others.
Besides?the vocabulary of general use can be divided into two broad groups: stylistically neutral words and emotionally colored. The latter is more often found in oral speech, a journalistic or artistic text. She makes speech more alive, does not allow her to become like the dry text of a dictionary or encyclopedic article, helps express the speaker's feelings or the author's attitude to what he writes about.
It should also be noted that betweencommon and the vocabulary of a limited sphere of use is constantly exchanged. Sometimes neutral words turn into the category of jargonzim or professionalism, and, for example, dialect words become a vocabulary of common use.
This part of the lexical composition of the Russian languageincludes several groups, within which also some separation can be made. In the lexicon of limited use, for example, words that are inherent in some dialects, special vocabulary, which includes terms and professionalism, any jargon (including slang). In this case, the first and last species are not included in the literary norm of the Russian language and are often used only in oral communication.
Language in each separate region of the country has its owncertain features: phonetic, grammatical and, of course, lexical. Often it is the lexical features that make it very difficult for visitors to understand the speech of the local population. In general dialect vocabulary can be divided into several groups:
Phonetic dialectisms differ fromliterary norm only by the pronunciation of words, and therefore do not complicate the understanding of what has been said. As an example - the replacement of the sound of "ts" with the sound of "h" and vice versa in some northwestern dialects: a person, a nemchi. Or the softening of the syllable "ka" characteristic of the southern dialects: barrel, Vanka.
Grammatical dialectisms are words,Used differently than in the normalized version of the language. For example, for the South Russian dialects, it is characteristic to use in the female gender those words which, according to the literary norm, are the words of the middle genus: the whole field, whose meat.
Lexical dialectisms are the most specific,often they are distinguished by the dialect of one locality from the dialect of another locality. In the dialect vocabulary, a special group called ethnographies is singled out - words that denote objects and concepts that are characteristic of a particular locality. Such words are often used in fiction, at their expense the artistic text is given special expressiveness, and the speeches of the characters are authenticity, "naturalness".
To the words of the lexicon of limited useand professionalism, used exclusively in a certain field of activity. Often these words are common words that have acquired additional meaning, understandable to all representatives of a profession. At the same time, a part of professionalism is an unofficial name for an object or process, and the official name will already be a term.
For example, the term used to refer to a metal frozen in a ladle is frozen, but metallurgists themselves call it a "goat". In this case, it is the "goat" that will be professional.
"Skin" - professionalism, used and outside the professional environment. The corresponding official name will be "sandpaper".
It should be noted that professionalism is less"system" - they are born in oral speech, there is a certain amount of time, and then disappear, replaced by new words. But sometimes they are fixed, becoming full-fledged terms. Between professional words and terms there is an exchange, similar to the exchange between general vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use, - a part of words constantly passes from one group to another.
Term - a word for a specific subjector concept, and, as a rule, not having additional value, unambiguity is an obligatory feature for words of this category, and the terminological "base" of a sphere covers all the objects, phenomena and processes that have a place in it. Unlike other words and their meanings, terms are created specifically. Careful work on them implies eliminating the ambiguity of the word and setting a clear framework for its use, its correlation with other terms in this field of activity.
Argo, or, as it is also called, jargon, isThis layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language, the use of which is characteristic of certain social groups, are words that can only be understood by "their own". Over time, part of the slang words leaks into the vocabulary of common use, becoming words that all native speakers use, regardless of social status and social circle. Examples are the words crook, smart, linden (meaning "fake").
Slang words are also found in the artisticliterature, performing about the same role as the dialect vocabulary. Due to them, the speech of fictional characters becomes more natural. In addition, with their help, the author can embody the stylistic idea and the overall design of the work, which justifies the use of "reduced" vocabulary.
For example, in the novel "After the Wedding" Granina in the speech of the main characters, you can find the expression "This is I'm all right," that is, "This I'm just chatting about nothing."
Since young people are quite largesocial group, then its slang should be taken out as a separate item, since it is very extensive, even if we do not touch the slang of various subcultures and currents. Here you can find many examples of "rethinking" the words of common use, that's why "wheelbarrow" becomes synonymous with the word "machine", parents become "ancestors", and about an unnoticeably departed person they say "he faded."
A separate group is the words of a studentslang. Therefore, for the careless student, the "tails" of unsuccessful examinations are woven, in the student's record there is the nest of "boas" (the assessment is "satisfactory"), and the "late Stepa" or "stikipa" is just a scholarship that comrades can not wait for.
Summarizing, we can say that the lexicalThe reserve of the Russian language is incredibly extensive and in time only enriched. Moreover, the division of words into any groups is very conditional, because the process of the transition of words from one category to another is continuous and inevitable. It helps to avoid creating rigid frameworks and excessively strict rules for the use of a particular word, leaving the speaker free to choose the means appropriate to the purpose of a particular utterance.
