Stairs are the main type of communication between rooms located at different levels. All other structures (ramps, elevators) are considered special means of displacement.
The function of the stairs is to providemovement of people. This is a guarantee of their safety and comfort. Proceeding from this, in the process of erecting each such design the wizard is guided by the requirements and standards set out in the special GOST and SNiPe.
Despite the huge number of types and types, the stairs consist of several main components:
Лестничные площадки, размеры которых также governed by regulations, represent the space between two marches. The construction of the landing is necessary if the height of the linear march exceeds the permissible norm or the construction of two marches is planned at an angle to each other.
The role of the landing is thatit becomes a kind of “transit point”, an intermediate element by which a rising person can rest. In addition, this component of the staircase is used for the organic combination of two flights of stairs.
On various staircases (straight,rotary, curvilinear) platforms are located every 10 - 14 steps. In the case of planning structures for residential premises, the interval can be 15 to 20 steps.
Like many other parameters, width, depth andthe material of the landing is subject to regulation. At the heart of the development of all these rules is the concern for the safety and comfort of people who will use the design.
The value of the depth parameter, as a rule, is the sum of the width of the step and one step:
To build the landing in the processLinear structures apply the same principles of calculation. If you need to increase the depth of large structures, it should be a multiple of the minimum depth.
Often, when building a private house or a multi-level apartment, they resort to the construction of extremely beautiful (but sometimes not very comfortable) spiral or spiral staircases.
It should be noted that such constructions are not recommended as the main ones because it is not as easy to climb them as the stairs with straight marches.
The dimensions of the staircases and areas of helical and spiral structures are subject to extremely strict control.
In cases where the flight of stairs is located at an angle from 135 to 180 degrees, the size of intermediate platforms may be less than 640 mm.
However, compliance with this size is necessary ifwe are talking about a platform, radially divided into two halves, or in the case of the construction of two-level platforms. By the way, the difference in height between the two levels of the site should be equal to the height of the step.
The specified minimum size of the landing (640 mm) is also relevant for circular and spiral staircases with steps of the “goose-pitch” type.
To regulate the construction of stairs andlandings in buildings where there is often a large number of people, GOST and SNiP contain particularly strict instructions. This is due to the fact that the dimensions of the landings here are due not only to the wishes of the developer and the designer’s findings, but primarily to the care of a successful and safe evacuation of people during a fire or other disaster.
Common requirements are:
Planning for evacuation and rescue activities becomes necessary when building multi-storey buildings or public buildings.
Not only spans are subject to regulation.landings. Dimensions (GOST defines the basic parameters) of these elements, as well as the dimensions of the corridors that are adjacent to such structures, should not deviate from the norm.
Thus, the width of the march, which can be used for evacuation, should no longer be the door that opens onto it. Dimensions of landings and marches:
For the manufacture of stairs and their important elements (marches, balusters, fences, platforms) suitable a large number of materials:
However, a separate description deserve a staircase.structures made of concrete. As a rule, this material is used in the construction of high-rise buildings and public buildings. For private houses, wood, metal, or a combination of several materials (metal with glass, wood with stone) are more often chosen.
Concrete stairs and platforms between them often form of prefabricated elements. Such structures consist of high-class material (minimum B15), and are also equipped with a metal frame.
The production of concrete products are engaged inplants and enterprises whose activities are strictly regulated, so the developer does not have to worry about compliance with the rules of manufacture. However, only on the qualifications of master builders depends on the correctness of the assembly and fixation of structures.
Concrete slabs of landings (dimensionsselected taking into account the dimensions of the building and the width of the marches) used in the construction of brick and concrete buildings, as well as in cases of the use of combined techniques.
Their durability, ease of use and ample opportunities for decoration significantly accelerate and facilitate the construction process.
Лестничные площадки железобетонные (размеры не impact on performance) is recommended for the preparation of internal and external stairs. However, it should be noted that reinforced concrete products will be able to retain their properties in the absence of aggressive environmental conditions. The maximum allowable air temperature should not be below -40 degrees.
The finished concrete staircase installed inside the dwelling is sheathed with wood panels, painted or carpeted.
Ladder structures lined with ceramic tiles, laminate or floorboard serve well and for a long time.
The use of wood or metal as a material for stairs requires the painting of the finished product. Based on the characteristics of the material, choose the necessary paints:
A great way to decorate and enhancesafety of the flight of stairs and the site becomes the placement of lights. Most often, LEDs (individual lamps or tapes) are selected for this purpose. They are fastened along the railing, around the perimeter of the site or down on the steps.
