The word "rhyme" has a complex etymology.It goes back to the Old French concept, which means "consistency". But, perhaps, the French word itself is a distorted borrowing from Latin, and the Latin lexeme, in its turn, goes back to the ancient Greek language.
Modern schoolchildren get acquainted with such concepts as rhyme, ways of rhyming, however this verse theme is much richer, and in general many of its questions are accessible and interesting for the pupil of the school.
In any case, the original meaning of the term was notsuch as now. It was not a question of the phonetic similarity of the end of the poetic lines, but of the rhythmic order. It could not be otherwise, since ancient poetry was not rhymed in principle, the methods of rhyming there appeared only spontaneously, for example, they often slipped in the poetry of Catullus.
But before the theoretical understanding and, accordingly, to the requirements of rhyme was still very far. Poetry, including Russian, came to rhyme gradually, gradually increasing the number of rhymed lines.
Today rhyme is a recognized attributepoetic speech, true, in poetry, especially Western Europe, the reverse tendency is also clearly visible-the rejection of the rhymed verse. It is difficult to predict how powerful it will be if we consider that today we are witnessing the struggle of supporters and opponents of the "classical" rhymed verse.
In modern Russian poetry, he is stilldominates, uses both classical and modified ways of rhyming, and in the literary heritage of past centuries in quantitative terms the advantage of verse with rhymes over white was overwhelming.
When talking about rhyme, you should immediately avoidseveral common errors. First, it is necessary to abandon such a negative definition as "bad rhyme". By itself, it is neither good nor bad, it all depends on the tasks of the poem and the contexts of culture. For example, in the 18th century Trediakovsky demanded from the poets exclusively feminine rhymes (emphasis on the penultimate syllable in the line), and male rhymes (accent on the last syllable) considered a sign of bad taste.
Today, this criterion, to put it mildly, is notis triggered, and the clause, as well as a formal evaluation of which rhyming methods are used by the author, is not a determining parameter, the main focus is on the depth of the work.
At the end of the 18th century "good"exclusively grammatical rhymes, that is, only the same parts of speech and grammatical forms were used. And today many poets tend to avoid this as a sign of a poor poetic dictionary. This, incidentally, is also a mistake, because in a number of cases it is the ordinariness of rhyme that is a necessary condition of the aesthetic effect. For example, in children's poetry unexpected and spectacular combinations are most often not needed, the child's consciousness to their perception is not ready, he feels easier standard and simple ways. And this applies not only to children's poetry.
In the famous ballad A.Akhmatova "Gray-Eyed King" tragedy of loss of a loved one is shaded by the everydayness of everything that is happening. And here, not only the actions and reactions of others, but also the standard grammatical rhymes (found - gone, wake up - look, etc.) and the methods of rhyming are important.
Mayakovsky, however, insisted that rhymeshould be unexpected, attract the attention of the reader, but this is not an absolute requirement. This is true of the poetry of Mayakovsky himself and his like-minded people, who have a very strong constructivist principle in verse, accordingly, the role of deliberate reception increases.
But in relation to poetry in general, this thesisis erroneous. Everything depends on the artistic task. For example, the method of rhyming "Dissuaded the Golden Grove" by S. Yesenin is traditional, it is a classical cross rhyme, the first and third lines are female, and the second and fourth are male.
And in general the poem does not have any bright rhymes. But it is an undeniable poetic masterpiece.
In Russian cultural perception, rhyme is realized,as a rule, when the last stressed vowel and the consonant standing next to it coincide. In the English and German tradition, a stressed vowel is sufficient. That is, we do not consider the words "window" and "bucket" to be rhyming, for example, but we perceive as a "window-stain" rhyme or the "Okon-Vedrov" surname. However, in real poetry there are much more complicated cases of matching the endings of the lines. For example, a poet can use a dissonant rhyme when the coincidences of the endings of the lines are not accidental, but the last percussion vowel is different. This, for example, is the ironic poem by A. Chebyshev with the characteristic name "Dissonance", which clearly indicates the nonrandomness of the reception:
Kohl will roll on you repentance,
Especially when the full moon -
There will be sins for you,
And a great despondency will come.
The whole wife will be immediately cuddled,
Her breasts are tingled with tears.
From insomnia books are flooded ...
Even the seeds will be splashed.
And then you will thaw out your soul,
Although, of course, pretty risky,
Because, perhaps, sweat,
And you will have a sore throat.
Is it possible to call this poem rhymed?From the point of view of the standard definition of rhyme - no, because the criteria for rhyme are violated. From the point of view of "kraesoglaziya", as it used to be called rhyme, - undoubtedly, because we have before us a clearly thought-out method of non-random uniformity of the endings of lines.
In general, according to the accepted "standard" classificationrhymes are usually described for different reasons. First, by the nature of the clause (the end of the line). In other words, by where the last stress is. If in the last position, the rhyme is called the male (again - the blood), if on the penultimate - female (the people are free), if on the third syllable from the end - dactylic (coldly - gently). Very rarely, but there are also so-called hyperdactylic rhymes, when the last stress is located on the fourth and later syllable from the end (fettering - fascinating).
It is about the position in the stanza thatstudents in the classroom while studying the topic "Rhyme. Methods of rhyme. The 5th grade of secondary school involves not only introductory but also practical lessons.
By position in the stanza (most often we are talking aboutquatrains), the rhyme can be continuous (AAAA), cross-over (ABAB) - the cross mode of rhyme is the most visible from the point of view of practical exercises on rhyme analysis, paired (AABB) and annular (ABBA).
In more complex stanzas, other combinations of rhymes are possible, for example, the classical construction of the octave stanza will look like this: ABAVAVSS.
Rhymes are often classified by otherbases (phonetically rich, that is, sonorous, and phonetically poor, exact and approximate, monosyllabic and compound, that is, composed of a combination of two words, for example, "years to a hundred to grow without old age").
There is no single mandatory criterion for classifying rhymes, only the most popular grounds are described here.
