Outdoor stairs can perform in the house the mostdifferent functions. Similar constructions are usually made of wood, metal, concrete, brick or blocks. Actually the assembly technology itself depends both on their purpose and on the material used in the installation process.
The most popular type of such structures is, of course, the porch. Such a ladder is available in almost every home. In addition to the porches, in country buildings can also be collected:
The form of street constructions of this type are:
В качестве опоры под ступени при сборке лестницы kosoura are often used. Sometimes they are replaced with a bowstring. In the yards of cottages and houses can be installed stairs with railings or without them. Different is the location of these structures in relation to the building. Comfortable can be both external stairs adjacent to houses, and installed parallel to the walls or at an angle to them.
By design distinguish marching and screwstairs. The first variety is considered much more convenient to use. Porches and stairs leading to the second floor or attic are usually made marching. Screw designs are used in yards rarely. They are mostly mounted only where there is not enough space to install a marching variety.
Vertical outdoor stairs can usually besee only in the courtyards of urban high rises. But sometimes they are mounted in private homes. Such constructions are used mainly only as firefighters.
Railing street stairs, like the steps themselves, canbe made of different materials: concrete, wood, metal. The main requirements for fencing requirements are strength and aesthetic appearance. To assemble the railing it is not necessary to use the same material as for the construction of the march. So, concrete stairs can be supplemented with metal fencing, steel - wooden, etc.
К поручням перил обычно предъявляется только одно requirement - they should be comfortable to use. Therefore, this element is most often made of wood. Beam and board, as is known, have a low degree of thermal conductivity. Thanks to this feature, wooden handrails do not heat up in the heat and frost.
К выбору оформления для перил стоит подходить more closely. It is their design that usually determines the appearance of the stairs as a whole. Wooden fences are often made carved. Forged metal railings are also very beautiful. Look good and galvanized modern steel fencing in combination, for example, with materials such as polycarbonate or impact-resistant glass.
Для украшения боковых монолитных стенок бетонных marching designs are often used tile or porcelain. Sometimes the stationary external stairs of this variety are also made using natural stone. Usually it is either granite or marble. In very expensive homes, concrete railings can be finished using jasper, serpentine, onyx, etc.
Выбор оформления для маршей лестниц, как и для railings, depends mainly on the material used for the manufacture. Wooden steps themselves look quite impressive. Therefore, they are usually simply coated with varnish for treating street constructions. Metal steps are often sheathed with wood or use rubber or plastic linings. Concrete structures, as well as monolithic railings, are veneered with ceramic tiles or natural stone.
Of course, street stairs should not beonly beautiful and comfortable to use, but also safe. When constructing such structures, the following SNiP standards are complied with:
A vertical staircase leading to the attic canto be both stationary and added. The latter option is mainly used to provide lifting only to unheated attics. Constructions designed for ascent to a residential attic or to the second floor should be only stationary.
Street designs of this variety are usuallyMounted from pine. Such lumber is durable, resistant to moisture and ultraviolet, and it is not too expensive. As a support for the steps in wooden stairs most often are used kosouri. Sometimes bowstrings are also used.
Марши на косоурах выглядят основательнее и more attractive. However, collecting such stairs is more difficult. They are kosouri wide boards with cutting nests under the steps cut into them along the edge. Bowstrings are simply placed parallel to each other. Support for the steps when using them made from pieces of timber. This material is simply stuffed on the bows from the inside with a certain step.
The outer staircase to the second floor or the attic can be assembled from two or three marches. In this case, intermediate sites are also collected from the board.
Такие конструкции собирают обычно на тетивах.And only one such support is often used (from a channel), put in the middle of the march. Under the steps themselves in this case are attached pieces of a corner. Sometimes skewers are welded under metal steps. Landing nests on such supports are made of bent steel strips.
Steel structures usually cost more.wooden. Therefore, in most cases, only a metal fire escape is used in the courtyard. Sometimes a corner and a channel, since they are more durable than wood, are also used for arranging marches leading to the attic or the second floor. Porches still often poured from concrete or knocked out of the boards.
Connect elements of steel ladders by welding or using bolts. The steps of such structures can be all-metal or lattice.
Using cement mortar outdoorsusually only porches of houses are filled. Previously, a solid foundation in the form of a concrete pad is arranged under such structures. Further mounted formwork. After pouring the first step, the space between it and the basement of the house is filled with soil or rubble and carefully tamped. Then the second stage is poured. The resulting “trough” is again filled with rubble. In this sequence, the work is carried out to the desired height of the porch. At the final stage, the platform is concreted in front of the door.
Fill the steps of the cement porch laid withreinforcement. A rod mounted in their thickness should then protrude about 20 cm along the edges. This is necessary for the bundle of the framework of the march with the reinforcement of the monolithic walls of the porch. The latter are also poured into the formwork.
Assembling structures of this type, like marching,with their own hands is not particularly difficult. The main supporting element in the spiral staircase is a durable pole. Steps are fixed on it by means of special fasteners. They have a trapezoidal shape. Spiral staircases look more modern and original than marching. However, with regard to the safety of movement they are inferior.
In any staircase the most important is of coursehowever, it is this constructive element. All steps in the march must be the same size. Concrete stairs are usually made only “deaf”. In wooden and metal risers (vertical part) are often absent. Such constructions are cheaper. However, stairs without risers also look less solid and reliable than “deaf” ones.
Иногда случается так, что при установке маршевой design is not enough space for the arrangement of the site. In this case, the staircase is complemented by zabezhnymi steps. One side of them already, the other - is wider. That is, in form they resemble the steps of screw designs.
Of course, this important element of the ladder, whichif he had no form, he should be as strong as possible. In particular, carefully select the material for structures such as wooden external stairs. The thickness of the step board should be at least 2.5-3 cm. They are attached to the kosoura or bowstrings only with bolts. Screws in this case can not be used. Otherwise, the steps will very quickly become loose and it will be unsafe to move up the stairs.
