Disease - a state of the body in whichthe normal vital activity and ability to maintain self-regulation are impaired, the life expectancy is shortened, which is caused by the limitation of functional and energy possibilities in their opposition to pathogenic causes.
Nomenclature of diseases includes a wide range ofnames of existing nosological forms, which are used in medicine for a uniform description of pathological conditions. Up until now, such a list of diseases has not been completed.
The specificity of any infectious disease isin its cyclical nature. The following consecutive periods of illness are distinguished: incubation, initial, high disease and recovery. Each of them has its own peculiarities.
This stage is also called incubation.This is a period of latent, not manifested clinically development: from the moment when the pathogenic agent has influenced the organism, before the development of the first symptoms of the disease. The peculiarity of this stage is an ever-increasing decrease in the body's ability to prevent pathogenic effects, adaptive mechanisms are no longer working so effectively. During this period, severe symptoms are not observed, but if a person performs stress tests, certain symptoms may appear.
The incubation period of the disease continues froma few minutes to several months, and sometimes even years. It all depends on the resistance of the body to the influence of the pathogen agent, how much it can overcome with the help of protective devices arising violations. Only after exposure to strong poisons comes almost instant poisoning (no longer than a few minutes). If the latency period is established in time, this will greatly facilitate the prevention and control of the disease.
What other periods of the disease exist?
Another name for this stage is prodromal.It has been observed since the first manifestations and continues until the development of the usual clinical picture. The stage of prodromes is a logical result of insufficient effectiveness of adaptation processes, the main function of which is to normalize the body's homeostasis at the time when the causes of the disease are acting.
At this stage, the first subjective andobjective nonspecific signs: fast fatigue, malaise, pain in the muscles and joints, irritability, decreased appetite, discomfort, headaches, fever, sometimes chills, etc. Consider the remaining periods of the disease.
During the stage of pronounced manifestations, orthe general and local symptoms characteristic of the disease appear. If it passes unfavorably, there may be various kinds of complications (for example, coma in diabetes mellitus). At the same time, at this stage of development, adaptive mechanisms still continue to operate, although it is already not so effective as to independently kill the disease.
In this acute period of the disease, basicsigns, while some diseases have a more or less definite duration of the course (especially infectious), while others, especially chronic ones, do not possess this property.
The following forms of diseases are observed:
Exact terms can not be established, because everything depends on the specific pathology, intensity and time of exposure of the pathogen to the body, the endurance of the person himself.
The main periods of the disease are considered. But there is still a stage of recovery or other options for the outcome of the pathology.
There are the following options for the end of the illness: recovery (incomplete and complete), relapse, remission, complication, overgrowth into chronic, death.
It consists in the fact that effectiveadaptive reactions and processes, successfully eliminating the cause and / or pathogenic consequences of the disease, restoring the self-regulation of the organism in full. However, there is no guarantee that the body will return to its painful condition. After recovery, qualitatively and quantitatively other indices of vital activity appear, new functional systems are formed, the activity of metabolism and the system of immunobiological surveillance changes, and many other adaptive changes develop. This is influenced by the main periods of the disease.
Incomplete convalescence is characteristic of the organism in those cases when the residual phenomena of the disease and individual deviations from the norm persist.
Relapse - reinforcement or re-usethe development of signs of the disease after they have already been eliminated or weakened. Symptoms are similar to the symptoms of a primary illness, but in some cases may differ. Relapse occurs most often because of the causes of the causes of the initial episode of malaise, a decrease in the effectiveness of adaptive mechanisms or the ability of the body to resist any factors. This is typical for periods of infectious diseases.
Remission is a stage of the disease thatcharacterized by a temporary softening (incomplete, followed by a relapse) or elimination (complete) of the symptoms. Most often this period occurs as a consequence or a feature of the causes of the disease or is associated with changes in the reactivity of the patient's body, as well as with treatment that does not allow to recover completely.
Complication is a process that gets its owndevelopment against the background of the disease, but not necessarily characteristic of it. Most often complications arise as a result of the indirect effect of the causes of the disease, or associated with the components of the process of its course (for example, with ulcers, perforation of the walls of the intestine or stomach may occur).
If the disease develops unfavorably,probably its overgrowth into a chronic, having a protracted character, and also such period of the development of the disease as the death of the patient, when the body is not able to adapt to the new conditions, is depleted, and further existence becomes impossible.
The direct cause of death is a stopthe heart, which can be due to both his defeat and the disruption of the work of the centers of the brain, which are responsible for the regulation of the functions of the cardiovascular system. Another reason is the stopping of breathing, which occurs when the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata is paralyzed by anemia, hemorrhage, swelling, or exposure to poisons such as cyanide, morphine, etc.
Death includes the following stages:
The first four stages, provided timely medical activities can be reversible.
Agony is characterized by violations of mechanismscentral nervous system and changes in all body functions important for life: breathing, heart activity, lowering of temperature, relaxation of sphincters. Often the patient loses consciousness. This state lasts from a few hours to two or three days.
The next stage after the agony is a clinical death,and it is fundamentally reversible. Signs: cessation of breathing, blood circulation and heartbeat. This period with normothermia lasts 3-6 minutes, but can be prolonged up to 15-25 minutes with hypothermia. Its duration depends on the degree of hypoxia of the neurons in the cerebral cortex.
In clinical death, resuscitation is required, including:
After the body can recover, it is some time in an unstable postresuscitation state, which includes the following stages:
Biological death is the cessation of lifea person who is irreversible. A complete revival of the body is no longer possible, but the probability of the resumption of the work of certain organs remains. Thus, although the stages of the disease are conditional, this classification is used quite widely.
We examined the main periods of the disease.
