With a concept like skin analyzer,not all people encountered. Most used to call it a shorter, more familiar term. That is, the skin. But, in essence, both the one and the other concept designates a complex organ, which is our outer cover. One of the few in our bodies that you can easily touch at any time. The skin area of an adult is about 1.5 - 2.3 square meters. And the mass, together with the hypoderm (the covering layer that is deeper than the surface), is 16-17% of body weight. However, all this should be described in more detail.
First of all, talking about the skin analyzer,It is necessary to affect the attention of the epidermis. It is our outer layer. But this is in simple terms. In fact, the epidermis is a multilayer derivative of the epithelium. In thick skin that is not covered by hair, it includes as many as 5 layers. Each of them is above the dermis. And they all carry out the barrier function.
Important nuance:epidermis is characterized by constant updating. And this specificity is connected with the migration and transformation of the so-called keratinocytes. These are cells of epithelial tissue. Their filaments are represented by keratin protein. In addition, it is also important to know that the epidermis contains certain components of the immune system.
Анатомия кожи очень сложна.Only the epidermis (one of its components) includes five different layers. The first is the basal. Or, as it is called, germ. What is really important to know about the basal layer is that it contains the so-called melanosomes. These are melanin granules, which protect us from the effects of UV rays.
The second layer is called prickly. It also includes the mass of cells, but the tonofibrillary apparatus can be considered the most important “brick”. It protects the nucleus of cells from mechanical damage.
There is also a granular layer.Consisting of 1-2 rows of elongated cells. It is in this layer that filagrin and keratolinin (structural proteins) are synthesized. And they contribute to keratinization of the epithelium. This, by the way, is the most complicated process by which horny dermal words acquire their inherent elasticity and strength.
The fourth layer is known as cyclic (or shiny). There are no organelles or nuclei in its cells. And it looks like a shiny pinkish strip. This layer is perfectly developed on the soles and palms.
And the last one is horny.This is the skin that performs a protective function. There are no living cells in it. What is not surprising, because it is formed by dead keratinocytes. Or, as they are also called, horn scales. The extent to which this layer is thick depends on the loads exerted on this skin.
This is the next thing that needs to be noted with attention when talking about the skin analyzer. Because the dermis is the skin itself. And if to be expressed in scientific language - its connective tissue part.
The dermis is under the epidermis.But not directly, they are separated by a basement membrane. It is distinguished by the abundance of capillaries and fibers, thanks to which the supporting and trophic functions are relegated to the dermis. She, like the epidermis, consists of several layers. True, from a smaller number - there are only three.
Анатомия кожи весьма сложна, однако понять её can. There are only three layers, and the first noteworthy is the papillary. Why is it called that? Because this is the first layer, represented by the "papillae" that penetrate the epidermis. It includes dozens of "components". These are tissue basophils, macrophages and many other cells that contribute to the protective function of our immune system.
The second layer is called mesh.It is formed by dense fibrous connective tissue. In fact, this is the main part of the dermis. It is in the mesh layer contains the most powerful collagen fibers that contribute to the implementation of the support function.
Последний слой называется гиподермой.It is also called subcutaneous fatty tissue. It is located directly under the dermis. And, as can be understood from the name, it is formed by adipose tissue. It is due to it under the skin that water and nutrients accumulate. In addition, the hypodermis contributes to thermoregulation.
So, what is a skin analyzer, clear. Now you can list the functions performed by him.
Первая – защитная.As already mentioned, the epidermis from the direct influence of the external environment protects the nerves, tissues and blood vessels. The skin contains sebaceous glands. There are about 300,000 of them. And during the month they produce an average of 500-800 grams of fat. It lubricates the surface of the skin, protecting it, thus, from various influences.
The second function is cleansing.The skin tends to exude sweat. So it frees the body from harmful substances for the body, ingested along with medicines or food. Interestingly, in the skin is about 2 million sweat glands.
These are also functions of the skin analyzer, which traditionally belong to the main ones.
Итак, регуляция.The skin cools the blood if the external temperature is lower than that of the body. It has the opposite effect in the opposite case. If the temperature of the external environment is very high, the skin muscles become relaxed, as a result of which the blood vessels expand and the body's heat release increases. Blood flow is also accelerating. As a result - copious sweat.
Performing the function of nutrition also conditionskin analyzer sections. It is through our cover that animal and vegetable fats penetrate into the body. Solutions and creams are absorbed due to their special structure. No wonder these cosmetic substances are often called "nutrient".
Respiratory function, in principle, is characterizedthe same specifics. Due to the porous structure of the upper layer, 2% of carbon dioxide is released through the skin. Surely not everyone knows that in 24 hours our cover displays about 800 grams of water vapor!
Above it was said quite a lot thatis a human skin. Its structure and functions are of particular interest. And it is impossible not to touch with attention the topic of the nerves with which our “shell” is richly supplied.
Если выражаться доступным языком, то кожа – это a large field strewn with receptors. They constantly, every second, perceive irritations of a different nature, coming from the internal and external environment.
Нервные волокна и окончания (как encapsulated, and free) - this is what else includes human skin. Their structure and functions are specific. The nervous apparatus is located in the epidermis and dermis. In the hypodermis there are practically none. Only the nerve trunks penetrate into it, forming a plexus there, from which the fibers extend into the dermis. From there - to the hair follicles, muscles, vessels and sweat glands.
Нервные окончания имеют свои названия.For example, thanks to Krause flasks, the skin feels cold. And Meissner's calves contribute to the perception of touch. Due to the Taurus Ruffini, we feel the heat. You can transfer for a long time. But the most interesting thing is that for one square centimeter of skin there are about 200 pain, 2 heat, 12 cold and 20 tactile receptors.
Naturally, the structure of the skin analyzer has a special specificity, due to which blood circulation occurs.
So, in the hypodermis, in addition to the nerve fibers andendings are large vessels. There are even arteries. They originate from the so-called arterial network, just above the fascia. They were mentioned at the very beginning.
From there, the arterial network spreads further into the deep parts of the reticular layer. And from there - straight into the papillary.
It is important to know that there are not only skin layers.capillaries and venules, but also arterioles. Which are directly involved in the regulation of OPSS (total peripheral vascular resistance). Arteriole tone is crucial. After all, it depends on the peripheral resistance, which determines blood pressure. That is the characteristic of the skin analyzer. However, it is not surprising. After all, we are talking about a single, integral organism, in which absolutely everything is interconnected.
Эту тему также стоит отметить вниманием.There is such a thing as skin and muscle sensitivity. Its origin is clear. After all, often affect the muscles by touching the skin beforehand. Take, for example, the same massage.
But the skin sensitivity is special.It is composed of various analyzers. Touch, for example, is a complex feeling that arises from the feeling of objects. Tactile sensations here play an important role. Analyzers, perceiving pressure and touch, give us information about the density of the object, its shape, temperature, condition, size and much more. Especially a lot of receptors focused on the fingertips. It is from them that the “path” of information signals transmitted to the brain begins.
She is of two kinds.The first is called physiological. Quite a normal, natural process involving cell renewal. Its course depends on nutrition, physical health and human immunity. This, in turn, affects the appearance and youthfulness of the skin.
А репаративная регенерация подразумевает restoration of cover after mechanical damage. After surgery, for example. The process is very interesting. First, the phase of inflammation occurs - the bleeding stops, edema occurs, pressing on the nerve endings and causing pain. Then proliferation begins. The wound is filled with capillaries and connective tissue - thereby collagen. The last phase involves the formation of a scar. This process ends with the filling of the lesion site with epithelial tissue.
Some scars can form a year. And let the skin is characterized by regeneration, no damage will pass. Because you need to treat yourself carefully.
They should finish the story thatrepresents skin and muscular sensitivity (we also considered the structure of the analyzer and its functions). Indeed, there are several interesting facts, and here are some of them that deserve attention:
Well, a lot more can tell interesting aboutour cover, its structure and specific features. But the main provisions of the anatomy were listed above, and it is useful for everyone to remember them, since this topic concerns us all directly.
