In this article, we will look at the functions of the rectum and its significance. And also get acquainted with its anatomical structure, we will analyze in detail the role of the layers, of which it consists, we will study the processes of blood supply.
The rectum is necessary for the body to accumulatefeces. It originates in the area of the cape, then descends into the cavity of the small pelvis, located in front of the sacrum. Such a structure forms 2 bends moving from the transfer back and called the top and bottom. The upper one is drawn by convexity in the direction of the concavity of the sacrum, and the lower one looks into the coccyx region. Sometimes it is called a crotch.
Features of the structure and functions of the rectumdepend primarily on its constituent elements, departments, cells and location. One of these components is the upper part of the organ and its terminal part.
The upper part is a kind of ampoule, the diameterwhich is usually in the range of 8-16 cm, but this number may increase due to, for example, atony. This formation is in the pelvic cavity and at one end is widened.
The final part is represented by a circle,directed down and back, and its continuation is in the anal canal. After passing the pelvic floor, it ends with a hole. The size of the formed circle varies less than that of the upper part and corresponds to 5-9 cm. The size of the intestine varies from 13 to 16 cm, but about 65-85% of it falls on the pelvic region, and the remaining centimeters form the anal section.
The functions of the human rectum in many waysare caused by its mucous membrane. The mucous membrane forms a large number of longitudinal folds, which is possible due to its developed submucosa base. These folds can easily be smoothed due to stretching of the intestinal wall. The anal canal has folds with a constant appearance; they are there from eight to ten. These formations have special depressions, lying between them, and called anal sinuses (clinicians), which are clearly expressed in children. It is the clinicians who accumulate a special mucus that facilitates the passage of feces through the anal canal. Anal sinuses are also called anal crypts. They often serve as the entrance door for microorganisms. The tissue stratum, located between the anus and the sinuses, includes a tangle of veins. In addition to longitudinal folds, the upper sections of the rectum have transverse folds. These formations are very similar to the semilunar folds of the sigmoid colon.
The structure and functions of the rectum also depend on andconditioned by a muscular membrane consisting of 2 layers, namely: circular and longitudinal. The circular (inner) layer begins to thicken in the upper part of the crotch area. It is in this area that the inner sphincter forms, which ends in the area of the skin and anal canal. The longitudinal layer covers both the anterior and posterior regions of the intestine, is equivalent. In the lower part, the longitudinal fiber begins to mesh with the muscular, which rises towards the anus, and is also often intertwined with the external sphincter.
Due to this, it can be concluded that the directThe intestine possesses the features of the conducting part of the digestive canal and is similar to the esophagus. Between these structures there is a similarity in the development process: both ends of the primary intestine undergo a break through the blind end of the tube during embryogenesis. In the esophagus this occurs with the pharyngeal membrane, and in the rectum - with cloacal. Both channels have a musculature consisting of two continuous layers.
The functions of the rectum can be described by havingtopographical information. Behind the organ are two parts of the spine, sacral and coccygeal. And in front of representatives of the male gut adjoins the seminal bladder and the vas deferens. The rectum of the female borders on the anterior site with the posterior vaginal wall and uterus. It is separated from these structures by the interlayer formed by the connective tissue.
Prostate fascia of the rectum and anteriorthe surface of the sacral and coccygeal divisions of the spine do not have fascial bridges. This simplifies the operation to remove the intestine and its fascia that swept the vessels. Special problems with doctors do not arise.
One of the functions of the rectum isretention of food residues that did not have time to suck up in the area of the small intestine cavity, as well as water. This includes a large number of substances of organic nature and products that have undergone bacterial decay, as well as substances that can not be digested, for example, fiber. There is also bile, bacterial organisms, salts.
In connection with the functions of the rectum, there are observedsuch processes as the splitting of food, not digested in other parts of the food department. And the formation of stool. In the large intestine, digestive juice is constantly released, containing the same set of enzymes as in the small intestine, but with less pronounced force of action. Here, the gases are collected.
The key function of the rectum is the removal of wasteprocess of life. Or, in other words, the excretion of stool from the body. Predominantly, this process is regulated by the consciousness and will of man.
Violation of the function of the rectum, as a rule,are the consequences of a sedentary mode of life, poor nutrition, neuro-emotional overload, etc. Most often, such stressful situations lead to constipation. To the disruption of the intestine, which affects the defecation process.
The blood supply to the rectum is due tounpaired upper rectal and two pairs of rectum. A well-developed network of vessels of the sigmoid colon enables the unpaired rectal artery to be preserved, namely, to its marginal vessels, a complete blood supply, even due to the high intersections of the rectal arteries and sigmoid arteries.
The middle paired arteries emerging from the branchiliac arteries, sometimes develop in different ways, and, sometimes, they are absent. And, nevertheless, in some situations can play a key role in the process of blood supply.
The lower arteries, originating from the internala sham artery, are engaged in supplying the external sphincter and skin. Plexuses from the veins are located in the most diverse layers of the intestinal wall. Among them are:
If we talk briefly about the function of the rectumperson, you can sum it up like this. This body is responsible, first of all, for the storage of stool and the tank for gas storage. Also, there is a splitting of undigested food and the withdrawal of waste from the process of vital activity.
