Cancer pathologies today occupyone of the leading places among dangerous human diseases. A tumor can affect various internal organs and systems. How this cancer is diagnosed, what is the analysis for oncomarkers (CEA and others), this article will tell.
This malignant tumor is formed inmucous, lining the walls of the thick intestine. The localization of the neoplasm may be different. In many cases, the tumor is found in the straight, blind and sigmoid colon. Among the causes of pathology, it should be noted, first of all, the nature of nutrition. As a rule, in patients, flour, fatty and meat dishes prevail in the diet. At the same time, the content of plant food is very limited. The next reason that provokes cancer of the intestine is a disorder of the stool, usually manifested in the form of constipation. This condition also arises from errors in nutrition, an incorrect lifestyle (hypodynamia), emotional overload, and so on. Of particular importance are diseases of the colon, congenital, including. Often, cancer develops in people in old age.
External signs during the usual examination of the doctor, asthe rule is not noticeable. The tumor can be probed through the peritoneal wall at large sizes or in thin patients. Of particular importance in the detection of pathology are various instrumental studies. In particular, the x-ray of the peritoneum. With the use of modern techniques and a high level of knowledge, specialists are able to detect cancerous lesions even in the absence of pronounced clinical signs. X-ray examination is carried out using a contrast mixture of barium, which is administered by enema or given orally. With lesions in the distal parts (sigmoid colon) among the necessary diagnostic methods, there is a colonoscopy and a sigmoidoscopy, during which a visual examination of the intestinal mucosa takes place.
Onco-labeler REA is a protein thatIt is used in diagnosing many cancer pathologies. Its level indicates the development of malignant process. In addition, based on the results of the test, the effectiveness of the treatment is assessed. The lack of protein in the blood indicates, as a rule, the patient's healthy state. Study of the content of CEA, the norm of which will be indicated below, allows to detect not only neoplasms in the area of the large intestine. As a rule, several tests are assigned, which allow the most accurate description of the clinical picture. Experts diagnose tumors in the dairy and pancreas, liver, stomach, cervix, lungs and gall bladder, using different oncomarkers. CEA, the indicators of which do not always indicate the presence of cancer, refers to nonspecific antigens.
If a deviation from the generally acceptedvalues of REA - oncomarker is increased - that, as a rule, it indicates the presence of a malignant tumor process in the region of the thick, especially the direct part of the intestine. An increase in concentration occurs with certain inflammatory and benign pathologies, as well as with smokers "with experience." In this regard, the detection of antigen is not a reason for setting the final diagnosis. The CEA analysis may indicate the need for an additional study. What are the meanings for men and women?
This pathology is a malignanta tumor that is characterized by quite aggressive development and the ability to very active metastasis. In cancer of the breast, a test for the oncocomarker 15-3 (CA) is performed. If there is a malignant process, its concentration increases. Against the background of benign tumors, the antigen content changes slightly in the direction of increase or remains at a normal level. In addition, deviations from the generally accepted values are observed against the background of lung cancer. The norm of this antigen for women is <25.0.
As a rule, the provocative factor ishormonal disorders of the body. In women, this condition occurs when entering into menopausal age against the background of an active adjustment of steroid regulation. In this case, the ovaries decrease activity, the production of estrogen and progesterone decreases. As a result, the body is in a state of "hormonal crisis."
The most commonly diagnosed nodal formdisease. In this case, a dense nodule measuring 0.5-5 and more centimeters is found. Extremely aggressive manifestations of a diffuse form of cancer in the mammary gland. The pathology develops very quickly, while the tumor has no clear boundaries, it is sort of "distributed" over the skin and gland. Rozhystopodobnaya and mastitobodobnaya forms occur against the background of soreness, raising the temperature to 39 degrees. The skin in the area of the mammary gland acquires a bright red color.
There is a minimum of diagnostic measures,which are prescribed for patients at risk for malignant pathologies. With confirmed (based on a biopsy and the results of an X-ray examination) cancer and if suspected, ultrasound of the lymph nodes of the axillary region is assigned to reveal the metastasis process in them, x-ray of the sternum, ultrasound of the peritoneum (to exclude distant metastases to other organs). The test for oncomarker (CEA and other antigens) does not allow to diagnose cancer with accuracy. The laboratory study only indicates the presence of possible abnormalities in the body. Confirmation of the presence of malignant process is carried out by conducting additional studies.
It should be noted that when assigning a test foronomarker REA, however, as well as a number of other antigens, there are a number of requirements, on the performance of which the accuracy and reliability of the results depends. First of all, it is recommended to give blood in the morning, from 8 to 11 hours. The study is performed on an empty stomach. Between him and the meal should be no less than eight hours. On the eve of blood sampling it is necessary to exclude physical activity, alcohol. The patient should inform the doctor about all medications taken. In agreement with a specialist, the use of drugs before the study should be discontinued. Before donating blood (for an hour or two) it is necessary to refrain from smoking, not drinking tea, coffee, juice. It is allowed to use non-carbonated water. 15 minutes before taking the analysis, the patient should rest, calm down.
As it was said above, oncomarkers representa substance of protein origin. They are produced by cancer cells. Normally, they should not be in the body. It should be said that laboratory tests for the presence of oncomarkers do not allow, as a rule, accurate diagnoses. Assessment of the condition by a specialist is carried out on the basis of the results of other activities that make up the patient's examination. Moreover, some oncomarkers, for example CA 15-3, have little diagnostic value. In connection with this, such tests are used not to identify the pathology itself, but to determine the presence or absence of metastasis in the early stages. However, these substances produced by cancer cells are of particular importance for patients receiving treatment for malignant processes. Studying the dynamics of changes in the concentration of cancer markers, the doctor understands how effective these or other therapeutic measures are. This allows you to adjust the treatment scheme, select the most effective drugs and procedures. But only complex research allows to avoid diagnostic errors.
